{"id":1103,"date":"2023-10-09T14:44:00","date_gmt":"2023-10-09T12:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/?p=1103"},"modified":"2023-10-09T13:49:03","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T11:49:03","slug":"kratky-exkurz-do-historie-arabsko-izraelskych-valek-umi-arabove-bojovat","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/kratky-exkurz-do-historie-arabsko-izraelskych-valek-umi-arabove-bojovat\/","title":{"rendered":"Kr\u00e1tk\u00fd exkurz do historie arabsko-izraelsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. Um\u00ed Arabov\u00e9 bojovat?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V prvn\u00ed arabsko-izraelsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v roce 1947<\/strong><\/em> byl Izrael skute\u010dn\u011b podporov\u00e1n Sov\u011btsk\u00fdm svazem, kter\u00fd v mnoha ohledech tento st\u00e1t v roce 1946 vytvo\u0159il.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z \u010ceskoslovenska, kter\u00e9 bylo sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed na\u0161\u00ed z\u00f3ny odpov\u011bdnosti (s pln\u00fdm souhlasem SSSR) byly pom\u011brn\u011b siln\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky – jen v prvn\u00edch m\u011bs\u00edc\u00edch v\u00e1lky 25 tis\u00edc pu\u0161ek, 5200 kulomet\u016f, 54 milion\u016f n\u00e1boj\u016f, 25 letadel, tank\u016f bylo dod\u00e1no do Izraele z \u010ceskoslovenska za pen\u00edze SSSR, d\u011blost\u0159electvo, doprava atd. Tyto zbran\u011b poskytovaly v\u00fdznamnou podporu izraelsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1d\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Noviny Pravda z 30. kv\u011btna 1948 vyj\u00e1d\u0159ily n\u00e1zor, kter\u00fd odr\u00e1\u017eel tehdej\u0161\u00ed sm\u011b\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed zahrani\u010dn\u00ed politiky SSSR na Bl\u00edzk\u00e9m v\u00fdchod\u011b: \u201eJe t\u0159eba jasn\u011b \u0159\u00edci, \u017ee v\u00e1lkou proti mlad\u00e9mu izraelsk\u00e9mu st\u00e1tu Arabov\u00e9 nebojuj\u00ed za svou n\u00e1rodn\u00ed z\u00e1jmy, ani za jejich nez\u00e1vislost, ale proti pr\u00e1vu \u017did\u016f na vytvo\u0159en\u00ed vlastn\u00edho nez\u00e1visl\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu<\/strong> . P\u0159es v\u0161echny sv\u00e9 sympatie k hnut\u00ed za n\u00e1rodn\u00ed osvobozen\u00ed arabsk\u00e9ho lidu sov\u011btsk\u00fd lid odsuzuje agresivn\u00ed politiku vedenou proti Izraeli<\/strong> .<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Egypt, S\u00fdrie, Ir\u00e1k a Palestina byly v t\u011bch letech extr\u00e9mn\u011b slab\u00e9 st\u00e1ty. Britsk\u00e9 imp\u00e9rium, kter\u00e9 d\u0159\u00edve p\u0159evzalo funkce obrany atd., pr\u00e1v\u011b ode\u0161lo. Tyto zem\u011b nem\u011bly \u010das vytvo\u0159it vlastn\u00ed siln\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy a Brit\u00e1nie se v\u011bt\u0161inou sama st\u00e1hla a nijak nezasahovala do pr\u016fb\u011bhu nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed, nepomohla zbran\u011bmi ani Palestin\u011b, Egyptu ani S\u00fdrii. Teprve v prosinci 1948 Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie ozn\u00e1mila, \u017ee je p\u0159ipravena vojensky zas\u00e1hnout na stran\u011b Egypta, pokud Izrael okam\u017eit\u011b neopust\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9 \u00fazem\u00ed. A Izrael okam\u017eit\u011b ode\u0161el.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Izrael tehdy nav\u00edc velmi tvrd\u011b postupoval v\u016f\u010di vlastn\u00edmu obyvatelstvu a vyhl\u00e1sil tot\u00e1ln\u00ed mobilizaci. Na rozd\u00edl od Izraelc\u016f arabsk\u00e9 zem\u011b zapojily do v\u00e1lky jen velmi malou \u010d\u00e1st sv\u00e9 populace. Proto izraelsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da do konce v\u00e1lky p\u0159evy\u0161ovala tu arabskou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Izraelci se tak\u00e9 chovali jako \u010dlenov\u00e9 ISIS a sp\u00e1chali \u010detn\u00e9 teroristick\u00e9 \u00fatoky a v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zlo\u010diny. P\u0159\u00edklady:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

Cit\u00e1t V d\u016fsledku v\u00edce ne\u017e 60 teroristick\u00fdch \u00fatok\u016f \u017eidovsk\u00e9 podzemn\u00ed organizace „Irgun“<\/strong> stejn\u011b jako na dal\u0161\u00edch m\u00edstech, kde se shroma\u017e\u010fovali Arabov\u00e9) od prosince 1947 do dubna 1948, v\u00edce ne\u017e 750 arabsk\u00fdch (bomby byly um\u00edst\u011bny v kinech, kav\u00e1rn\u00e1ch a autobusech ,<\/strong> a Brit\u0161t\u00ed obyvatel\u00e9 Palestiny byli zabiti.<\/a>
…<\/strong>
Masakr v Deir Yassin<\/strong>
Masakr v Deir Yassin byly ud\u00e1losti z 9. dubna 1948, b\u011bhem kter\u00fdch byla arabsk\u00e1 vesnice Deir Yassin dobyta \u017eidovsk\u00fdmi milicemi Irgun a Lehi.
V d\u016fsledku \u00fatoku na vesnici bylo zabito 254<\/strong> vesni\u010dan\u016f a 12 bylo zran\u011bno.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

V letech 1947-1948 byl Izrael velmi podobn\u00fd ISIS (v Rusk\u00e9 federaci zak\u00e1zan\u00fd) a s m\u00edstn\u00edmi Araby zach\u00e1zel jako s dobytkem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Celkov\u011b bylo v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed Izraele v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce ze t\u0159\u00ed hlavn\u00edch d\u016fvod\u016f:
– Podpora Izraele ze SSSR (p\u0159es \u010ceskoslovensko)
– Arabov\u00e9 ve skute\u010dnosti nebyli podporov\u00e1ni \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdmi extern\u00edmi hr\u00e1\u010di
– Arabsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty teprve z\u00edskaly nez\u00e1vislost a nestihly si vytvo\u0159it vlastn\u00ed arm\u00e1dy
– Arabsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty nebraly v\u00e1\u017en\u011b hrozbu nov\u00e9ho fa\u0161istick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu Izrael a neprovedly norm\u00e1ln\u00ed mobilizaci
___________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Druh\u00e1 arabsko-izraelsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka (Suezsk\u00e1 krize) 1956.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Historik Benny Morris p\u00ed\u0161e, \u017ee p\u0159ed vypuknut\u00edm nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch akc\u00ed byly izraelsk\u00e9 s\u00edly mnohem lep\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e egyptsk\u00e9 s\u00edly v mno\u017estv\u00ed i kvalit\u011b vojensk\u00e9ho vybaven\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Izraelci byli ji\u017e v t\u00e9 dob\u011b aktivn\u011b z\u00e1sobov\u00e1ni nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edmi zbran\u011bmi z USA, Brit\u00e1nie a Francie. Velk\u00e1 Brit\u00e1nie a Francie se postavily na stranu Izraele, bombardovaly Egypt, potopily egyptsk\u00e9 lod\u011b a vylodily jednotky. 5. listopadu do\u0161lo v oblasti Port Said k vylod\u011bn\u00ed anglo-francouzsk\u00fdch v\u00fdsadkov\u00fdch jednotek, kter\u00e9 b\u011bhem dvou dn\u016f ovl\u00e1dly jak m\u011bsto samotn\u00e9, tak i v\u00fdznamnou \u010d\u00e1st Suezsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fplavu.
Brit\u00e1nie a Francie pou\u017eily proti Egyptu letadlov\u00e9 lod\u011b, trysk\u00e1\u010de, vrtuln\u00edky a docela v\u00e1\u017en\u00e9 modern\u00ed 50tunov\u00e9 tanky M47 Patton a Centurion Mk5, vyr\u00e1b\u011bn\u00e9 v letech 1952-1955. Egypt byl vybaven mnohem m\u00e9n\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

SSSR, kter\u00fd podporoval Egypt dod\u00e1vkami zbran\u00ed (op\u011bt ne p\u0159\u00edmo, ale prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm \u010cSR, jako \u017did\u00e9 v minul\u00e9 v\u00e1lce), se p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 \u00fa\u010dasti v konfliktu zdr\u017eel. Sov\u011btsk\u00fd svaz nedodal Egyptu nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zbran\u011b jako T-54 a T-10, ale T-34, kter\u00fd byl v t\u00e9 dob\u011b zcela zastaral\u00fd, vytvo\u0159en\u00fd koncem 30. let.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve skute\u010dnosti Egypt v t\u00e9 v\u00e1lce bojoval s\u00e1m (!) proti t\u0159em zem\u00edm najednou \u2013 Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nii, Francii a Izraeli.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0161e skon\u010dilo t\u00edm, \u017ee Chru\u0161\u010dov za\u010dal ml\u00e1tit botou a vyhro\u017eovat termonukle\u00e1rn\u00edm \u00fatokem na Brit\u00e1nii, Francii a Izrael (co\u017e byl z velk\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti bluf; sov\u011btsk\u00e9 strategick\u00e9 s\u00edly s jadern\u00fdmi zbran\u011bmi byly teprve v plenk\u00e1ch; v roce 1956 jsme m\u011bli m\u00e9n\u011b ne\u017e 400 jadern\u00fdch bomb a n\u011bkolik Tu-95 a Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty maj\u00ed 3 800 jadern\u00fdch bomb a stovky strategick\u00fdch bombard\u00e9r\u016f B-36, B-50, B-52).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zem\u011b se rozhodly neeskalovat a Izrael st\u00e1hl sv\u00e9 jednotky ze Sinaje. Ve skute\u010dnosti se jednalo o pokus Francie a Brit\u00e1nie porazit Egypt, aby se zmocnily Suezsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fplavu; Izrael tam byl jako z\u00e1lo\u017en\u00ed tane\u010dn\u00edk, kter\u00fd vyu\u017eil v\u00fdsledk\u016f zakotven\u00ed Egypta evropsk\u00fdmi mocnostmi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed p\u0159ipisovat t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce neschopnost Arab\u016f bojovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

___________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u0159et\u00ed arabsko-izraelsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka 1967 (\u0160estidenn\u00ed v\u00e1lka)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Je zde pouze jedna epizoda \u2013 \u00fapln\u00e9 zni\u010den\u00ed t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161ech egyptsk\u00fdch letadel na leti\u0161t\u00edch preventivn\u00edm izraelsk\u00fdm \u00faderem:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skryt\u00fd text<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K prvn\u00edmu \u00fatoku na Egypt do\u0161lo v 7:45. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 sou\u010dasn\u011b bylo napadeno 11 egyptsk\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen. Operace se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo 185 izraelsk\u00fdch letadel, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 91 % izraelsk\u00fdch bojov\u00fdch letadel. Do 9:00 izraelsk\u00e1 letadla zni\u010dila 197 egyptsk\u00fdch letadel, z toho 189 na zemi a 8 b\u011bhem leteck\u00fdch bitev. 8 radarov\u00fdch stanic bylo zni\u010deno nebo po\u0161kozeno. 6 egyptsk\u00fdch leteck\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen v oblasti Sinaje a Suezsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fplavu bylo zcela nepou\u017eiteln\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pot\u00e9, co se izraelsk\u00e1 letadla vr\u00e1tila na sv\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny, aby doplnila palivo a p\u0159ezbrojila, byl v 10:00 proveden druh\u00fd \u00fader na egyptsk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny, kter\u00e9ho se z\u00fa\u010dastnilo 164 letadel. P\u0159i tomto \u00faderu bylo napadeno 14 leteck\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen a zni\u010deno dal\u0161\u00edch 107 egyptsk\u00fdch letadel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Navzdory skute\u010dnosti, \u017ee z\u00e1kladny egyptsk\u00e9ho letectva o\u010dek\u00e1valy izraelsk\u00fd \u00fader, uk\u00e1zalo se, \u017ee byl n\u00e1hl\u00fd, proto\u017ee nebyl proveden za \u00fasvitu, kdy se takov\u00e9 operace obvykle prov\u00e1d\u011bj\u00ed, ale pozd\u011bji r\u00e1no. Bd\u011blost na egyptsk\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00e1ch byla pon\u011bkud uvoln\u011bn\u00e1, hl\u00eddkov\u00e1 letadla byla vy\u0159azena ze slu\u017eby a v\u011bt\u0161ina pilot\u016f byla v j\u00eddeln\u011b. Prvn\u00ed vlna \u00fatok\u016f byla vedena na vzletov\u00e9 a p\u0159ist\u00e1vac\u00ed dr\u00e1hy, kter\u00e9 letoun\u016fm t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 znemo\u017enily start, stejn\u011b jako p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed letadel na obloze. Izraelsk\u00e1 letadla za\u00fato\u010dila na leteck\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny na egyptsk\u00e9m \u00fazem\u00ed a pronikala do Egypta ze z\u00e1padu a severu ze St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e, zat\u00edmco egyptsk\u00e9 radary skenovaly oblast hlavn\u011b na severov\u00fdchod a v\u00fdchod, co\u017e nazna\u010duje, \u017ee izraelsk\u00e1 letadla mohla \u00fato\u010dit pouze od izraelsk\u00fdch hranic<\/strong> . Izraelsk\u00e1 letadla nav\u00edc l\u00e9tala v extr\u00e9mn\u011b mal\u00fdch v\u00fd\u0161k\u00e1ch, nep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdch egyptsk\u00fdm radar\u016fm a zachov\u00e1vala naprost\u00e9 r\u00e1diov\u00e9 ticho.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skute\u010dnost, \u017ee izraelsk\u00e1 letadla za\u00fato\u010dila z neo\u010dek\u00e1van\u00e9ho severoz\u00e1padn\u00edho sm\u011bru, dala pozd\u011bji prezidentu N\u00e1sirovi z\u00e1klad pro obvin\u011bn\u00ed z\u00e1padn\u00edch vzdu\u0161n\u00fdch sil z pomoci Izraeli b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky, zejm\u00e9na \u0159ekl, \u017ee se na \u00fatoku pod\u00edlela americk\u00e1 \u0161est\u00e1 flotila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V den izraelsk\u00e9ho \u00fatoku bylo egyptsk\u00e9 protivzdu\u0161n\u00e9 obran\u011b na\u0159\u00edzeno, aby nest\u0159\u00edlela na proj\u00ed\u017ed\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed vojensk\u00e1 letadla, proto\u017ee existovala obava, \u017ee by mohlo b\u00fdt zast\u0159eleno letadlo s egyptsk\u00fdm vojensk\u00fdm velitelstv\u00edm, kter\u00e9 r\u00e1no odlet\u011blo kontrolovat pozice na Sinaji. dol\u016f<\/strong> . Tento rozkaz p\u0159isp\u011bl ke zmatku Egyp\u0165an\u016f b\u011bhem izraelsk\u00e9ho \u00fatoku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ano, pro Egypt to byla osudov\u00e1 chyba, ztratili ostra\u017eitost. Nav\u00edc na ten den egyptsk\u00e9 velen\u00ed pl\u00e1novalo p\u0159elety nad pozicemi na Sinaji a pozemn\u00ed protivzdu\u0161n\u00e1 obrana m\u011bla zak\u00e1z\u00e1no sest\u0159elovat letadla, aby n\u00e1hodou nesest\u0159elilo letadlo vrchn\u00edm velen\u00edm.
Nav\u00edc N\u00e1sir pozd\u011bji obvinil z\u00e1padn\u00ed zem\u011b z podpory \u00fatoku, proto\u017ee… \u00fatoky p\u0159ich\u00e1zely ze strany St\u0159edozemn\u00edho mo\u0159e (oblast, kde se nach\u00e1zela americk\u00e1 6. flotila). Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 se domn\u00edvali, \u017ee \u00fatok p\u0159ijde od izraelsk\u00fdch hranic, a ne od americk\u00fdch jednotek, kter\u00fdm d\u016fv\u011b\u0159ovali t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 jako spojenc\u016fm (ve skute\u010dnosti \u0161lo o malou zradu Egyp\u0165an\u016f ze strany Ameri\u010dan\u016f, ani Egypt p\u0159ed t\u00edm nevarovali). \u00fatok, a\u010dkoli o tom v\u011bd\u011bli).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Byla to stejn\u011b \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 izraelsk\u00e1 operace jako japonsk\u00e1 operace v Pearl Harboru. Stejn\u011b jako Japonci m\u011bli v t\u00e9to operaci \u0161t\u011bst\u00ed, m\u011bli je i Izraelci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pro\u010d SSSR nedodal Egyptu modern\u00ed syst\u00e9my protivzdu\u0161n\u00e9 obrany a ve velk\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed, je zaj\u00edmav\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka. Egypt m\u011bl pouze S-75 (1 raketa na odpalovac\u00ed za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed, stacion\u00e1rn\u00ed), v relativn\u011b mal\u00e9m mno\u017estv\u00ed a na velmi omezen\u00e9m po\u010dtu m\u00edst. Podle zpr\u00e1v z\u00e1padn\u00edch m\u00e9di\u00ed byla egyptsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da s 18 syst\u00e9my schopna odp\u00e1lit pouze 22 raket a sest\u0159elit 2 letadla. Ale v t\u00e9 dob\u011b ji\u017e SSSR m\u011bl pokro\u010dilej\u0161\u00ed S-125 se 4 raketami na odpalovac\u00edm za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed a ve stejn\u00e9m roce 1967 za\u010dal vyr\u00e1b\u011bt S-200 a Kub.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bez letectv\u00ed byl dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdsledek nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed jasn\u00fd. Zbytek zem\u00ed arabsk\u00e9 koalice m\u011bl mnohem slab\u0161\u00ed arm\u00e1dy a letectv\u00ed, ne\u017e m\u011bl Egypt. Izrael m\u011bl naprostou vzdu\u0161nou p\u0159evahu a pak beztrestn\u011b st\u0159\u00edleli arabskou v\u00fdzbroj\u00ed a \u017eivou silou, kter\u00e1 se v hol\u00e9 pou\u0161ti prost\u011b nem\u011bla kam schovat.
Izrael\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci se v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce op\u011bt chovali krut\u011b a o\u0161kliv\u011b, vysm\u00edvali se neozbrojen\u00fdm egyptsk\u00fdm zajatc\u016fm a zab\u00edjeli je. \u017did\u00e9 zde nemaj\u00ed b\u00fdt na co hrd\u00ed, chovali se jako besti\u00e1lov\u00e9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdyby si Egypt ponechal letectv\u00ed, mohlo v\u0161e dopadnout \u00fapln\u011b jinak. Ale Egypt nen\u00ed SSSR, nem\u011bl stejn\u00e9 ekonomick\u00e9 a pr\u016fmyslov\u00e9 zdroje jako my b\u011bhem druh\u00e9 sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lky. Odolali jsme zni\u010den\u00ed zna\u010dn\u00e9 \u010d\u00e1sti letectv\u00ed na leti\u0161t\u00edch v prvn\u00edch dnech v\u00e1lky (i kdy\u017e n\u00e1s to pozd\u011bji st\u00e1lo kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed ztr\u00e1ty, miliony zabit\u00fdch a zajat\u00fdch v roce 1941, \u00fastup), ale Egypt takovou p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost nem\u011bl.
___________________________________________<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u010ctvrt\u00e1 arabsko-izraelsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka 1969-1970 (opot\u0159ebovac\u00ed v\u00e1lka).<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Egypt za\u010dal v\u00e1lku, aby znovu z\u00edskal Sinaj. Spojen\u00e9 st\u00e1ty dodaly Izraeli letouny F-4 a syst\u00e9my protivzdu\u0161n\u00e9 obrany Hawk. SSSR dodal Egyptu letouny MiG-21.
Egyp\u0165an\u00e9 nehr\u00e1li defenzivn\u011b, p\u016fsobili aktivn\u011b a dostali se do ciz\u00edho vzdu\u0161n\u00e9ho prostoru, kde byli \u010dasto sest\u0159eleni. Ztr\u00e1ty izraelsk\u00fdch obrn\u011bn\u00fdch jednotek \u010dinily 72 tank\u016f, 119 obrn\u011bn\u00fdch transport\u00e9r\u016f a 81 houfnic a minomet\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Egyptsk\u00e9 leteck\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty byly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e izraelsk\u00e9, ale celkov\u011b v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce ani jedna strana nedos\u00e1hla v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed, bitva byla nerozhodn\u00e1 a nedo\u0161lo k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm \u00fazemn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m. SSSR pomohl Egyptu v t\u00e9to v\u00e1lce a ztratil n\u011bkolik sov\u011btsk\u00fdch pilot\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u00e1t\u00e1 arabsko-izraelsk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka z roku 1973 („Yomkippursk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka“)<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1 arabsk\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva v prvn\u00edch dnech ustoupila jejich \u00fastupu. P\u0159es zna\u010dn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty byl \u00fatok egyptsk\u00e9 a syrsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy n\u00e1sledn\u011b IDF odra\u017een, na\u010de\u017e se jednotky vr\u00e1tily na sv\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pozice. Za zprost\u0159edkov\u00e1n\u00ed SSSR a USA skon\u010dilo nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed 24. \u0159\u00edjna na syrsk\u00e9 front\u011b a 25. \u0159\u00edjna na egyptsk\u00e9 front\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Izrael\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci opustili z\u00e1padn\u00ed b\u0159eh Suezsk\u00e9ho pr\u016fplavu a El Quneitra, ale udr\u017eeli si kontrolu nad Golansk\u00fdmi v\u00fd\u0161inami. V b\u0159eznu 1979 vstoupila v platnost egyptsko-izraelsk\u00e1 m\u00edrov\u00e1 smlouva uzav\u0159en\u00e1 v Camp Davidu egyptsk\u00fdm prezidentem Anvarem Sadatem a izraelsk\u00fdm premi\u00e9rem Menachemem Beginem prost\u0159ednictv\u00edm americk\u00e9ho prezidenta Jimmyho Cartera. Izrael se st\u00e1hl ze Sinaje a pod svou kontrolou si ponechal pouze p\u00e1smo Gazy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skupina arabsk\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f m\u011bla 1,5-2x p\u0159evahu, ale zem\u011b jednaly nekoordinovan\u011b, jako labu\u0165-krab-\u0161tika, navz\u00e1jem se obvi\u0148ovaly z neschopnosti a chyb. V d\u016fsledku toho do\u0161lo k ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm operac\u00edm, jako je koprov\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva, kdy \u201ezabiju se a p\u0159ijdu o v\u0161echno sv\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed, ale ofenz\u00edvu nezastav\u00edm\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po zastaven\u00ed egyptsk\u00e9 ofenz\u00edvy nahradil velitele ji\u017en\u00ed fronty n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk izraelsk\u00e9ho gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu David Elazar: m\u00edsto Gonena, kter\u00fd uk\u00e1zal svou neschopnost, vr\u00e1til na m\u00edsto nov\u011b mobilizovan\u00e9ho Chaima Bar-Leva. Mezit\u00edm, ze strachu, \u017ee by v\u00fdm\u011bna velitel\u016f b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky m\u011bla \u0161patn\u00fd dopad na mor\u00e1lku voj\u00e1k\u016f, nechal Elazar Gonena na ji\u017en\u00ed front\u011b jako n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edka \u0161t\u00e1bu pod Bar-Levem.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Boje na sinajsk\u00e9 front\u011b od 15. do 24. \u0159\u00edjna
Po n\u011bkolika dnech \u010dek\u00e1n\u00ed Sadat, kter\u00fd cht\u011bl zlep\u0161it situaci Sy\u0159an\u016f, na\u0159\u00eddil sv\u00fdm gener\u00e1l\u016fm (v\u010detn\u011b Saada El Shazlyho a ministra obrany Ahmada Ismaila Aliho), aby p\u0159ipravili ofenz\u00edvu. Gener\u00e1l Saad El Shazly ve sv\u00fdch pam\u011btech napsal, \u017ee byl proti tomuto rozhodnut\u00ed a dokonce \u0159ekl Sadatovi, \u017ee toto rozhodnut\u00ed bylo nebezpe\u010dnou strategickou chybou. Pr\u00e1v\u011b obhajoba t\u00e9to pozice podle gener\u00e1la vedla k tomu, \u017ee byl prakticky zbaven velen\u00ed. Egyptsk\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva za\u010dala 14. \u0159\u00edjna. \u201eEgyptsk\u00e1 ofenz\u00edva, nejmasivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed od prvn\u00ed ofenzivy na Jom Kippur, se uk\u00e1zala jako zcela ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e1, byla to prvn\u00ed egyptsk\u00e1 ne\u00fasp\u011bch od za\u010d\u00e1tku v\u00e1lky. Nam\u00edsto hromad\u011bn\u00ed bojov\u00e9 s\u00edly man\u00e9vrov\u00e1n\u00edm byla, s v\u00fdjimkou hodu p\u0159es v\u00e1d\u00ed, vynalo\u017eena na front\u00e1ln\u00ed \u00fatok proti p\u0159ipraven\u00fdm izraelsk\u00fdm brig\u00e1d\u00e1m. Egyptsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty toho dne \u010dinily p\u0159ibli\u017en\u011b 150\u2013250 tank\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00e9 ofenz\u00edv\u011b mnoho vy\u0161\u0161\u00edch egyptsk\u00fdch d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f Sadata odsoudilo. Egypt\u0161t\u00ed d\u016fstojn\u00edci nazna\u010dili, \u017ee je nutn\u00e9 za\u00fato\u010dit 10. \u0159\u00edjna a ne\u010dekat na 13., ale Sadat k tomu nedal svolen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 byla velmi krvav\u00e1 bitva o \u010d\u00ednskou farmu, kter\u00e9 se na izraelsk\u00e9 stran\u011b z\u00fa\u010dastnilo 440 tank\u016f, na egyptsk\u00e9 232 tank\u016f. Ztr\u00e1ty byly kolos\u00e1ln\u00ed, ob\u011b strany bojovaly zoufale a state\u010dn\u011b, z boji\u0161t\u011b nikdo neut\u00edkal. Cel\u00e9 okol\u00ed bylo poseto mrtvolami a ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed technikou. Egyptsk\u00e9 a izraelsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty byly zhruba stejn\u00e9, ale Izrael m\u011bl v\u00fdhodu v po\u010dtu vstupuj\u00edc\u00edch do bitvy a zv\u00edt\u011bzil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Izrael poprv\u00e9 utrp\u011bl zna\u010dn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty na lidsk\u00e9 s\u00edle a vybaven\u00ed, ale p\u0159e\u017eil. A arabsk\u00e9 st\u00e1ty prok\u00e1zaly nedostatek jednoty, soudr\u017enosti a jednotn\u00e9ho velen\u00ed. Mo\u017en\u00e1, \u017ee kdyby ostatn\u00ed koali\u010dn\u00ed st\u00e1ty jednodu\u0161e p\u0159edaly sv\u00e9 vybaven\u00ed a jednotky Egyptu nebo S\u00fdrii ke kontrole, Arabov\u00e9 by m\u011bli mnohem v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u00fasp\u011bch.
Ani egyptsk\u00e1, ani syrsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da nebyla pora\u017eena a mohla pokra\u010dovat v odporu. SSSR jako obvykle ukon\u010dil v\u00e1lku hrozbou jadern\u00e9 v\u00e1lky, USA za\u010daly p\u0159ipravovat sv\u00e9 jadern\u00e9 s\u00edly na \u00fatok na SSSR, ale Izrael uposlechl sov\u011btsk\u00e9 ultim\u00e1tum a ofenzivu zastavil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Izraelsk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty na vybaven\u00ed: 140 letadel a vrtuln\u00edk\u016f, 30 UAV. Nen\u00e1vratn\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty obrn\u011bn\u00fdch vozidel \u010dinily 840 tank\u016f a 400 obrn\u011bn\u00fdch transport\u00e9r\u016f (celkem – 1240 obrn\u011bn\u00fdch vozidel). Bylo vy\u0159azeno 112 izraelsk\u00fdch velkor\u00e1\u017en\u00edch d\u011bl od 100 mm a v\u00fd\u0161e. Podle arabsk\u00fdch prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed ztratil Izrael 8 000 zabit\u00fdch a 20 000 zran\u011bn\u00fdch.
Arm\u00e1dy arabsk\u00e9 strany ztratily 368 letadel a vrtuln\u00edk\u016f ve v\u00fdzbroji, 1274 tank\u016f a 500 dal\u0161\u00edch obrn\u011bn\u00fdch vozidel bylo nen\u00e1vratn\u011b ztraceno (celkem – 1774 obrn\u011bn\u00fdch vozidel). Ztr\u00e1ty na lidech \u010dinily 8528 zabit\u00fdch, 19549-19850 zran\u011bn\u00fdch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u011b byly ztr\u00e1ty celkem srovnateln\u00e9. Mobiliza\u010dn\u00ed a ekonomick\u00fd potenci\u00e1l Egypta, S\u00fdrie, Ir\u00e1ku a Jord\u00e1nska byl mnohon\u00e1sobn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed ne\u017e v Izraeli. Krom\u011b toho souhlasily SSSR, Al\u017e\u00edrsko, Libye, Kuba, v\u00fdchodn\u00ed N\u011bmecko, Kuvajt, Maroko, P\u00e1kist\u00e1n, Sa\u00fadsk\u00e1 Ar\u00e1bie, Tunisko atd., \u017ee budou jednat na stran\u011b arabsk\u00e9 koalice vysl\u00e1n\u00edm kontingent\u016f a techniky. A Izrael m\u011bl pouze podporu Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f, a to pouze dod\u00e1n\u00edm vybaven\u00ed a pen\u011bz, bez p\u0159\u00edm\u00e9 vojensk\u00e9 pomoci voj\u00e1k\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proto m\u011bl Izrael v z\u00e1sad\u011b malou \u0161anci vyhr\u00e1t vleklou v\u00e1lku, v\u0161e, s \u010d\u00edm mohl po\u010d\u00edtat, byly n\u011bjak\u00e9 rychl\u00e9 hody, hled\u00e1n\u00ed a zasahov\u00e1n\u00ed slab\u00fdch m\u00edst atd. Pokud by v\u00e1lka pokra\u010dovala je\u0161t\u011b alespo\u0148 \u0161est m\u011bs\u00edc\u016f, pak by s nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobnost\u00ed arabsk\u00e1 koalice rozdrtila Izrael.
V d\u016fsledku v\u00e1lky se v\u0161ichni vr\u00e1tili na sv\u00e9 p\u0159edchoz\u00ed pozice, nedo\u0161lo k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm \u00fazemn\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Konflikt byl v podstat\u011b podobn\u00fd \u010d\u00ednsko-vietnamsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce z roku 1979, kdy \u00fato\u010d\u00edc\u00ed \u010c\u00edna nebyla schopna dos\u00e1hnout \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdch v\u00fdsledk\u016f z \u00fatoku, ob\u011b strany se rozhodly, \u017ee vyhr\u00e1ly, a v\u0161ichni se vr\u00e1tili na sv\u00e9 v\u00fdchoz\u00ed pozice. I kdy\u017e kdyby \u010c\u00edna s\u00e1hla do l\u00e1hve a vedla dlouhou opot\u0159ebovac\u00ed v\u00e1lku, Vietnam by m\u011bl jen malou \u0161anci. P\u0159esto to nen\u00ed proti Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm s logistikou na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b zem\u011bkoule, ale proti sousedovi, kter\u00fd m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161et dal\u0161\u00ed a dal\u0161\u00ed divize.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kv\u016fli v\u00e1lce (nebo sp\u00ed\u0161e kv\u016fli ne\u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u00fdm akc\u00edm izraelsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy na za\u010d\u00e1tku konfliktu, kter\u00e9 m\u011bly za n\u00e1sledek velk\u00e9 ztr\u00e1ty \u017did\u016f), vypukla v Izraeli politick\u00e1 krize, byla Golda Meirov\u00e1 nucena rezignovat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obecn\u011b podle m\u011b Arabov\u00e9 um\u00ed norm\u00e1ln\u011b bojovat, o nic h\u016f\u0159 ne\u017e Izraelci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Proto zejm\u00e9na Izrael po roce 1967 nezv\u011bt\u0161oval sv\u00e1 \u00fazem\u00ed. V roce 1979 se Izrael nav\u00edc 4kr\u00e1t zmen\u0161il a Egyptu se vr\u00e1tilo \u00fazem\u00ed o rozloze 60 tis\u00edc km2 (3kr\u00e1t v\u00edce ne\u017e \u00fazem\u00ed zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed Izraeli).
Kdyby byli Arabov\u00e9 slabou arm\u00e1dou, Izrael by je jednodu\u0161e v\u0161echny zajal a nemusel by d\u00e1t Sinaj Egyptu.
…<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No, pokud chcete \u010derstv\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edklady Arab\u016f \u00fasp\u011b\u0161n\u011b bojuj\u00edc\u00edch proti mnohem vybaven\u011bj\u0161\u00edm a po\u010detn\u011bj\u0161\u00edm protivn\u00edk\u016fm, pak jsou to rozhodn\u011b jemen\u0161t\u00ed H\u00fas\u00edov\u00e9. V podstat\u011b s pomoc\u00ed dod\u00e1vek z \u00cdr\u00e1nu p\u0159e\u017eili velmi t\u011b\u017ekou v\u00e1lku, kde proti nim st\u00e1la velmi siln\u00e1 koalice arabsk\u00fdch a africk\u00fdch zem\u00ed za \u00fa\u010dasti Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f. H\u00fas\u00edov\u00e9 jsou skute\u010dn\u00ed v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edci, kte\u0159\u00ed se vyrovnali ve vytrvalosti a odvaze. Krom\u011b toho m\u011bli mnoho docela kompetentn\u00edch akc\u00ed z hlediska obecn\u00e9ho vojensk\u00e9ho velen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A vzpomenout si m\u016f\u017eete i na Sy\u0159any \u2013 republik\u00e1nskou gardu Issama Zahreddina, kter\u00e1 hrdinn\u011b dr\u017eela obkl\u00ed\u010den\u00fd Deir ez-Zor dlouh\u00e9 3 roky pod n\u00e1porem hord terorist\u016f. Lze si vzpomenout na libanonsk\u00fd Hizball\u00e1h, rovn\u011b\u017e zdatn\u00e9 v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edky, kter\u00fd v roce 2006 porazil izraelskou arm\u00e1du.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

O radik\u00e1ln\u00edch islamistick\u00fdch fanatic\u00edch jako IS a Nusra (v Rusk\u00e9 federaci zak\u00e1zan\u00e9) nem\u00e1 cenu moc mluvit. To jsou ve skute\u010dnosti tak\u00e9 siln\u00ed a nebezpe\u010dn\u00ed protivn\u00edci, nejde jen o to, \u017ee jsme se s nimi museli 5 let \u0161\u0165ourat od roku 2015 do roku 2020. Maj\u00ed ale trochu jinou motivaci \u2013 nikoli slu\u017ebu sv\u00e9 zemi a lidem, ale pseudon\u00e1bo\u017eensk\u00fd fanatismus dosahuj\u00edc\u00ed bod \u0161\u00edlenstv\u00ed s naprost\u00fdm sebezap\u0159en\u00edm a maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed krutost\u00ed v\u016f\u010di nep\u0159\u00e1tel\u016fm. Ne\u0161et\u0159ili sv\u00e9 \u017eivoty, t\u00edm m\u00e9n\u011b \u017eivoty sv\u00fdch nep\u0159\u00e1tel, a bojovali proti v\u0161em pravidl\u016fm v\u00e1lky. V n\u011bkter\u00fdch bodech je jim izraelsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da podobn\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ne\u0159eknu nic ani o arabsk\u00fdch v\u00fdboj\u00edch b\u011bhem chal\u00edf\u00e1tu. Rozloha t\u00e9to \u0159\u00ed\u0161e dos\u00e1hla 11 milion\u016f km2, nen\u00ed n\u00e1hodou, \u017ee na sv\u011bt\u011b je nyn\u00ed tolik muslimsk\u00fdch arabsk\u00fdch zem\u00ed – to jsou v\u00fdsledky v\u00edt\u011bzstv\u00ed arabsk\u00fdch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00edk\u016f t\u00e9 doby.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V prvn\u00ed arabsko-izraelsk\u00e9 v\u00e1lce v roce 1947 byl Izrael skute\u010dn\u011b podporov\u00e1n Sov\u011btsk\u00fdm svazem, kter\u00fd v…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1104,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1103","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"yoast_head":"\nKr\u00e1tk\u00fd exkurz do historie arabsko-izraelsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek. 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