{"id":1298,"date":"2023-10-12T07:26:33","date_gmt":"2023-10-12T05:26:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/?p=1298"},"modified":"2023-10-12T07:31:07","modified_gmt":"2023-10-12T05:31:07","slug":"operacni-osa-jak-wehrmacht-dobyl-severni-a-stredni-italii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/operacni-osa-jak-wehrmacht-dobyl-severni-a-stredni-italii\/","title":{"rendered":"Opera\u010dn\u00ed osa. Jak Wehrmacht dobyl severn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed It\u00e1lii"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

„45 dn\u00ed“<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e1 elita a spole\u010dnost, vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 vyhl\u00eddkou na \u00faplnou por\u00e1\u017eku ve v\u00e1lce, se postavily proti Mussoliniho fa\u0161istick\u00e9mu re\u017eimu. 25. \u010dervence 1943 byl Mussolini zat\u010den ( \u201eJak skon\u010dila fa\u0161istick\u00e1 vl\u00e1da v It\u00e1lii\u201c<\/a> ). Fa\u0161istick\u00e1 strana byla rozpu\u0161t\u011bna. Nacist\u00e9 nekladli \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd odpor. Z\u00e1stupci velkokapit\u00e1lu, monarchist\u016f a arm\u00e1dy byli jednotn\u00ed v touze vyhnout se kapitulaci a okupaci It\u00e1lie a cht\u011bli na Duce p\u0159esunout ve\u0161kerou odpov\u011bdnost za politiku, kterou do t\u00e9 doby pln\u011b podporovali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V \u010dele nov\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy st\u00e1l mar\u0161\u00e1l Pietro Badoglio. Badoglio ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee v\u00e1lka pokra\u010duje, It\u00e1lie z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 v\u011brn\u00e1 sv\u00fdm spojeneck\u00fdm z\u00e1vazk\u016fm. Obdob\u00ed od 25. \u010dervence do 8. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 ve\u0161lo do italsk\u00fdch d\u011bjin<\/a> jako \u201e45 dn\u00ed\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b se v zemi aktivizovaly antifa\u0161istick\u00e9 s\u00edly, demokrat\u00e9, socialist\u00e9 a komunist\u00e9. Po cel\u00e9 zemi se p\u0159ehnaly p\u0159epln\u011bn\u00e9 protifa\u0161istick\u00e9 demonstrace. Ve velk\u00fdch pr\u016fmyslov\u00fdch centrech propukly nepokoje v \u010dele s komunisty. Pokrokov\u00e9 s\u00edly po\u017eadovaly sta\u017een\u00ed It\u00e1lie z v\u00e1lky a obnoven\u00ed demokratick\u00fdch pr\u00e1v a svobod.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b nov\u00e9 italsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady veden\u00e9 Badogliem, kter\u00e9 byly podporov\u00e1ny z\u00e1jmy velk\u00e9ho kapit\u00e1lu, bur\u017eoazie a monarchist\u016f, se sna\u017eily vyhnout radik\u00e1ln\u00edm zm\u011bn\u00e1m v zemi, vyv\u00e9st It\u00e1lii z v\u00e1lky a uzav\u0159\u00edt tajn\u00fd separ\u00e1tn\u00ed m\u00edr. se spojenci a vyh\u00fdb\u00e1n\u00ed se okupaci a p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b zem\u011b v bitevn\u00ed pole. 26. \u010dervence byl v zemi zaveden stav oble\u017een\u00ed, v\u0161echna setk\u00e1n\u00ed v ulic\u00edch byla zak\u00e1z\u00e1na a voj\u00e1ci dostali pr\u00e1vo st\u0159\u00edlet do davu. Vl\u00e1da z\u00e1rove\u0148 pro uklidn\u011bn\u00ed ve\u0159ejnosti rozpustila fa\u0161istickou stranu, vyhl\u00e1sila politickou amnestii a souhlasila s obnoven\u00edm odbor\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Portr\u00e9t mar\u0161\u00e1la Pietra Badoglia, v\u016fdce It\u00e1lie po p\u00e1du Benita Mussoliniho<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e9 jednotky byly demoralizov\u00e1ny por\u00e1\u017ekami v Rusku a Africe. Jejich mor\u00e1lka, kter\u00e1 u\u017e byla na n\u00edzk\u00e9 \u00farovni, klesla na nulu. Pozemn\u00ed s\u00edly se skl\u00e1daly z v\u00edce ne\u017e 80 diviz\u00ed (z toho v\u00edce ne\u017e 45 formac\u00ed se nach\u00e1zelo v kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed It\u00e1lii), ale jejich zbran\u011b byly slab\u00e9 a jejich \u017eiv\u00e1 s\u00edla a vybaven\u00ed byly n\u00edzk\u00e9. Jen n\u011bkolik formac\u00ed m\u011blo a\u017e 70 % voj\u00e1k\u016f a d\u016fstojn\u00edk\u016f. Pro jedinou tankovou<\/a> divizi nebylo dost tank\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Stacion\u00e1rn\u00ed divize pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed obrany (t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 \u010dtvrtina arm\u00e1dy) byly zvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b slab\u00e9 v bojov\u00e9m v\u00fdcviku, motivaci, v\u00fdzbroji a v\u00fdstroji, jak uk\u00e1zaly bitvy na Sic\u00edlii (\u201eJak n\u011bmeck\u00fd 14. tankov\u00fd sbor zadr\u017eoval postup dvou spojeneck\u00fdch arm\u00e1d na 38 dny\u201d<\/a> ).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e9 jednotky byly rozpt\u00fdleny po cel\u00e9 ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b. Italsk\u00e1 4. arm\u00e1da (12 diviz\u00ed) byla um\u00edst\u011bna v jihov\u00fdchodn\u00ed Francii a severoz\u00e1padn\u00ed It\u00e1lii. V severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii byla obnovena 8. arm\u00e1da (13 diviz\u00ed) – zbytky jej\u00edch diviz\u00ed se vr\u00e1tily z Ruska, nikdy nebyla schopna obnovit ani minim\u00e1ln\u00ed bojovou \u00fa\u010dinnost. 5. a 7. arm\u00e1da zaujala obrann\u00e9 pozice na Apeninsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b, Korsice a Sardinii. 6. arm\u00e1da (10 diviz\u00ed) byla pora\u017eena na Sic\u00edlii. 2., 9. a 11. arm\u00e1da (31 diviz\u00ed) slou\u017eily v \u0158ecku, Alb\u00e1nii a Jugosl\u00e1vii. Nejlep\u0161\u00ed italsk\u00e9 divize se nach\u00e1zely mimo zemi \u2013 v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii, na Korsice, na Balk\u00e1n\u011b a ostrovech v Egejsk\u00e9m mo\u0159i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ital\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci na Korfu. 1943
Koncentrace dostupn\u00fdch jednotek pro obranu severn\u00ed It\u00e1lie a \u0158\u00edma byla obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1 kv\u016fli ni\u010den\u00ed \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edt\u011b, kter\u00e1 se jen rozr\u016fstala, a ztr\u00e1t\u011b t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 cel\u00e9ho vozov\u00e9ho parku v severn\u00ed Africe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Letectv\u00ed<\/a> sest\u00e1valo z v\u00edce ne\u017e 1600 letadel, ale v\u00edce ne\u017e polovina ztratila svou bojovou \u00fa\u010dinnost. byla vyzbrojena Flotila<\/a> 6 bitevn\u00edmi lod\u011bmi, 2 t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdmi a 6 lehk\u00fdmi k\u0159i\u017en\u00edky, 28 torp\u00e9doborci, 27 torp\u00e9doborci, 56 ponorkami. Lod\u011b v noci prakticky nebyly schopny v\u00e9st bojov\u00e9 operace, m\u011bly m\u00e1lo paliva a person\u00e1lu se necht\u011blo bojovat. Vojensk\u00fd z\u00e1stupce T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e na italsk\u00e9m gener\u00e1ln\u00edm \u0161t\u00e1bu, admir\u00e1l Ruge, proto u\u010dinil odpov\u00eddaj\u00edc\u00ed z\u00e1v\u011br: \u201eItalsk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvo neznamen\u00e1 prakticky nic, aby odrazilo mo\u017en\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 vylod\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Kapitulace It\u00e1lie<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Anglie a USA reagovaly p\u0159\u00edzniv\u011b na zm\u011bnu moci v It\u00e1lii. 30. \u010dervence Roosevelt napsal Churchillovi, \u017ee by m\u011bli zah\u00e1jit jedn\u00e1n\u00ed s jakoukoli osobou nebo osobami v It\u00e1lii, kte\u0159\u00ed by zajistili odzbrojen\u00ed a zabr\u00e1nili chaosu. Churchill doufal, \u017ee kapitulace italsk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii, It\u00e1lii a na Balk\u00e1nsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b povede k tomu, \u017ee anglo-americk\u00e9 s\u00edly ovl\u00e1dnou Apeninsk\u00fd poloostrov a Jadersk\u00e9 mo\u0159e a N\u011bmci budou nuceni ustoupit na sever k S\u00e1v\u011b-Dunaj \u010d\u00e1ra. Spojenci bez probl\u00e9m\u016f obsad\u00ed \u0158ecko.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aby Spojenci donutili Italy ke kapitulaci co nejd\u0159\u00edve, zintenzivnili bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed italsk\u00fdch m\u011bst. 13. srpna 1943 za\u00fato\u010dilo 400 bombard\u00e9r\u016f na \u0158\u00edm. Ve stejn\u00e9 dob\u011b anglo-americk\u00e1 letadla bombardovala Mil\u00e1n, Tur\u00edn, Janov a dal\u0161\u00ed m\u011bsta. Prioritn\u00edmi c\u00edli byly \u017eeleznice, leti\u0161t\u011b a dal\u0161\u00ed dopravn\u00ed infrastruktura. Bomby v\u0161ak dopadaly i na obytn\u00e9 oblasti. Zem\u0159ely stovky civilist\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u017delezni\u010dn\u00ed se\u0159a\u010fovac\u00ed n\u00e1dra\u017e\u00ed v \u0158\u00edm\u011b, zni\u010den\u00e9 spojeneck\u00fdm bombardov\u00e1n\u00edm. \u010dervence 1943
Badogliova vl\u00e1da, kter\u00e1 pokra\u010dovala v uji\u0161\u0165ov\u00e1n\u00ed Berl\u00edna o sv\u00e9 loajalit\u011b, nastavila kurz k ukon\u010den\u00ed v\u00e1lky. \u0158\u00edm se b\u00e1l otev\u0159en\u011b postavit N\u011bmc\u016fm. Italov\u00e9 se sna\u017eili zajistit, aby p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed bylo uzav\u0159eno a\u017e pot\u00e9, co se anglo-americk\u00e9 jednotky ve velk\u00fdch sil\u00e1ch vylodily v It\u00e1lii. Spojenci mlhav\u011b hovo\u0159ili o vylod\u011bn\u00ed 6 diviz\u00ed v oblasti \u0158\u00edma, jedn\u00e9 v\u00fdsadkov\u00e9 divize na leti\u0161t\u00edch u \u0158\u00edma a 9 diviz\u00ed na z\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed. Italov\u00e9 sh\u00e1n\u011bli konkr\u00e9tn\u00ed informace o vylod\u011bn\u00ed jednotek pro kryt\u00ed spojenc\u016f. Spojenci v\u011b\u0159ili, \u017ee Italov\u00e9 hraj\u00ed o \u010das.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. srpna dorazil do Madridu gener\u00e1l Castellano, setkal se s britsk\u00fdm velvyslancem S. Hoareem a ozn\u00e1mil, \u017ee \u0158\u00edm je p\u0159ipraven p\u0159ipojit se ke Spojen\u00fdm st\u00e1t\u016fm a Anglii, jakmile jejich jednotky p\u0159istanou v kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed It\u00e1lii. 19. srpna Castellano jednal v Lisabonu s americk\u00fdm gener\u00e1lem B. Smithem. O deset dn\u00ed pozd\u011bji se italsk\u00fd gener\u00e1l vr\u00e1til do It\u00e1lie s textem podm\u00ednek p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed. Podm\u00ednky byly pro \u0158\u00edm t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 a zma\u0159ily nad\u011bje italsk\u00e9 elity vyhnout se p\u0159em\u011bn\u011b sv\u00e9 zem\u011b v bitevn\u00ed pole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0158\u00edm musel vzd\u00e1t Korsiku, Sardinii a celou kontinent\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st zem\u011b spojenc\u016fm, aby vytvo\u0159ili anglo-americk\u00e9 z\u00e1kladny. It\u00e1lie se tak\u00e9 vzdala sv\u00e9 flotily a letectv\u00ed a poskytla pln\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup ke sv\u00fdm p\u0159\u00edstav\u016fm a leti\u0161t\u00edm. Nav\u00edc to nez\u00e1viselo na p\u0159\u00edtomnosti N\u011bmc\u016f na nich. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee Italov\u00e9 se museli p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edjezdem spojenc\u016f pustit do bitvy s N\u011bmci, \u010demu\u017e se italsk\u00e9 \u00fa\u0159ady cht\u011bly vyhnout.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V noci na 1. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed \u0158\u00edm souhlasil s kapitulac\u00ed za podm\u00ednek spojenc\u016f. Churchill a Roosevelt informovali Stalina o v\u00fdsledc\u00edch jedn\u00e1n\u00ed. Moskva akce spojenc\u016f schv\u00e1lila.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dne 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 podepsal italsk\u00fd z\u00e1stupce Castellano a n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk \u0161t\u00e1bu spojeneck\u00fdch sil ve st\u0159edomo\u0159sk\u00e9m divadle B. Smith dohodu o p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed, kter\u00e1 po\u010d\u00edtala s bezpodm\u00edne\u010dnou kapitulac\u00ed italsk\u00fdch ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed aktu kapitulace bylo odlo\u017eeno a\u017e do vylod\u011bn\u00ed spojeneck\u00fdch vojsk v pevninsk\u00e9 It\u00e1lii. 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed britsk\u00e1 vojska s leteckou a n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed podporou p\u0159ekro\u010dila Messinskou \u00fa\u017einu a p\u0159ist\u00e1la v jihoz\u00e1padn\u00ed Kal\u00e1brii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 se spojeneck\u00e9 s\u00edly vylodily v z\u00e1livu Salerno na jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b It\u00e1lie. Den p\u0159edt\u00edm spojenci v r\u00e1diu ozn\u00e1mili, \u017ee It\u00e1lie \u017e\u00e1d\u00e1 o p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed, a to bylo podeps\u00e1no. Italsk\u00e1 vl\u00e1da musela ozn\u00e1mit za\u010d\u00e1tek p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed. Italsk\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly dostaly rozkaz ukon\u010dit nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed proti Spojenc\u016fm, ale odrazit jak\u00fdkoli \u00fatok. To znamen\u00e1, \u017ee italsk\u00e9 jednotky musely vzdorovat N\u011bmc\u016fm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Italsk\u00e9 obrn\u011bn\u00e9 vozy AB 41 (Autoblinda AB 41) zni\u010den\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi voj\u00e1ky na p\u0159edm\u011bst\u00ed \u0158\u00edma. Ital\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci, kte\u0159\u00ed se vzdali, jdou po ulici. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Opera\u010dn\u00ed osa<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Je\u0161t\u011b 21. kv\u011btna 1943 p\u0159ipravil \u0161\u00e9f vrchn\u00edho velitelstv\u00ed Wehrmachtu (OKW) poln\u00ed mar\u0161\u00e1l Keitel hrub\u00fd pl\u00e1n mo\u017en\u00fdch akc\u00ed v It\u00e1lii. Tento pl\u00e1n zahrnoval n\u011bkolik vojensk\u00fdch operac\u00ed najednou: Operace Alaric napadnout pevninskou It\u00e1lii a zachytit m\u00edstn\u00ed kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e1 za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed; Operace Student k dobyt\u00ed \u0158\u00edma. N\u011bmci tak\u00e9 pl\u00e1novali neutralizovat italsk\u00e9 jednotky na Balk\u00e1nsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b a ve Francii.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bmci pod z\u00e1minkou zabr\u00e1n\u011bn\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9mu vylod\u011bn\u00ed v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii a vylod\u011bn\u00ed v\u00fdsadk\u00e1\u0159\u016f v Alp\u00e1ch p\u0159em\u00edstili do severn\u00ed It\u00e1lie n\u011bkolik diviz\u00ed z ji\u017en\u00edho N\u011bmecka a Francie. N\u011bmci to ani nekoordinovali s italsk\u00fdmi \u00fa\u0159ady, jak to d\u011blali d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hitler cht\u011bl koncem \u010dervence 1943 poslat voj\u00e1ky do \u0158\u00edma, zatknout kr\u00e1le a Badoglia, osvobodit Mussoliniho a obnovit fa\u0161istick\u00fd re\u017eim. Tyto pl\u00e1ny v\u0161ak do\u010dasn\u011b opustil kv\u016fli opatrnosti, neznalosti toho, kde byl Mussolini dr\u017een, a ofici\u00e1ln\u00ed ochot\u011b \u0158\u00edma udr\u017eovat alianci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. srpna se v Trevisu u Ben\u00e1tek konala n\u011bmecko-italsk\u00e1 konference. Na n\u011bmeck\u00e9 stran\u011b se ho z\u00fa\u010dastnili Ribbentrop a Keitel a na italsk\u00e9 nov\u00fd ministr zahrani\u010d\u00ed Guariglia a n\u00e1\u010deln\u00edk gener\u00e1ln\u00edho \u0161t\u00e1bu Ambrosio. Konference prob\u00edhala v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e v\u0161eobecn\u00e9 ned\u016fv\u011bry. Italov\u00e9 form\u00e1ln\u011b udr\u017eovali spojenectv\u00ed s N\u011bmeckem a \u017e\u00e1dali o velk\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed zbran\u00ed<\/a> a vojensk\u00e9ho materi\u00e1lu na obranu poloostrova. N\u011bmci necht\u011bli poskytovat zbran\u011b nespolehliv\u00fdm spojenc\u016fm. Ambrosio tak\u00e9 po\u017e\u00e1dal o p\u0159esun co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edho po\u010dtu italsk\u00fdch diviz\u00ed z okupovan\u00fdch \u00fazem\u00ed na obranu It\u00e1lie. N\u011bmci tak\u00e9 tento po\u017eadavek ignorovali.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

15. srpna se uskute\u010dnilo druh\u00e9 n\u011bmecko-italsk\u00e9 setk\u00e1n\u00ed. Byl v\u011bnov\u00e1n obran\u011b ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lie. \u0160lo o n\u011bmeckou arm\u00e1dn\u00ed skupinu B, kterou vedl Rommel. 19. srpna byla p\u0159em\u00edst\u011bna do severn\u00ed It\u00e1lie. Znovu byla nastolena tak\u00e9 ot\u00e1zka sta\u017een\u00ed italsk\u00fdch jednotek z Francie a Balk\u00e1nu. N\u011bmci pevn\u011b pl\u00e1novali br\u00e1nit severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii. Italov\u00e9 se pokusili vr\u00e1tit sv\u00e9 jednotky do vlasti.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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N\u011bmeck\u00fd v\u00fdsadk\u00e1\u0159 s automatickou pu\u0161kou FG-42. V pop\u0159ed\u00ed jsou zbran\u011b zabaven\u00e9 italsk\u00fdm voj\u00e1k\u016fm. Fotografie vznikla pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b po 8. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943, kdy N\u011bmci zah\u00e1jili odzbrojen\u00ed b\u00fdval\u00fdch spojenc\u016f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159\u00edprava na operaci<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V Berl\u00edn\u011b pochopili, \u017ee po zat\u010den\u00ed Mussoliniho je rozchod s It\u00e1li\u00ed nevyhnuteln\u00fd. Ot\u00e1zkou bylo, kdy a v jak\u00e9 podob\u011b k tomuto zlomu dojde. Proto n\u011bmeck\u00e9 veden\u00ed odm\u00edtlo v\u0161echny italsk\u00e9 n\u00e1vrhy na p\u0159esun velk\u00fdch n\u011bmeck\u00fdch sil do ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lie, aby odrazily mo\u017en\u00e9 nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 vylod\u011bn\u00ed. N\u011bmci pochopili, \u017ee v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b rozchodu s Italy budou tyto divize na jihu poloostrova uv\u011bzn\u011bny. Mal\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jednotky v ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lii z\u016fstaly bez podpory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rommelova skupina z\u016fstala v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii a \u010d\u00e1ste\u010dn\u011b postoupila do Apenin. N\u011bmci hodlali tato \u00fazem\u00ed v ka\u017ed\u00e9m p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b dr\u017eet. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 vojska tak\u00e9 obsadila pr\u016fsmyky v Alp\u00e1ch, kter\u00e9 vedly do Francie, N\u011bmecka a Jugosl\u00e1vie. N\u011bmci cht\u011bli pod z\u00e1minkou obrany proti nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9mu vylod\u011bn\u00ed obsadit hlavn\u00ed n\u00e1mo\u0159n\u00ed z\u00e1kladnu La Spezia, ale ve skute\u010dnosti dob\u00fdt italsk\u00e9 n\u00e1mo\u0159nictvo. Sami Italov\u00e9 ale La Spezii obsadili velk\u00fdmi silami a prohl\u00e1sili, \u017ee pro n\u011b je obrana d\u016fle\u017eit\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstavu v\u011bc\u00ed presti\u017ee.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do za\u010d\u00e1tku z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 m\u011blo n\u011bmeck\u00e9 velen\u00ed v It\u00e1lii 17 diviz\u00ed a 1 brig\u00e1du. Sjednotili se do arm\u00e1dn\u00edch skupin \u201eJih\u201c a \u201eB\u201c pod velen\u00edm poln\u00edch mar\u0161\u00e1l\u016f Kesselringa a Rommela. V ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lii – v Kal\u00e1brii a Puglii s\u00eddlil 76. tankov\u00fd sbor (29. motorizovan\u00fd, 1. v\u00fdsadkov\u00fd a \u010d\u00e1st 26. tankov\u00e9 divize). Na jihoz\u00e1pad\u011b Apeninsk\u00e9ho poloostrova v oblasti Salerna, Neapole a Gaety dr\u017eely obranu dv\u011b tankov\u00e9 divize (16. a Hermann Goering) a 15. motorizovan\u00e1 divize, kter\u00e9 byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed 14. sboru 10. . 90. motorizovan\u00e1 divize z\u016fstala na Sardinii. V oblasti \u0158\u00edma s\u00eddlila 3. motorizovan\u00e1, 2. v\u00fdsadkov\u00e1 a \u010d\u00e1st sil 26. tankov\u00e9 divize, kter\u00e9 byly p\u0159\u00edmo pod\u0159\u00edzeny Kesselringu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Skupina arm\u00e1d B v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii m\u011bla 6 p\u011bchoty, 2 tankov\u00e9 divize a motorizovanou brig\u00e1du. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed a st\u0159edn\u00ed St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b jihu Francie, Sardinie, Korsiky a severn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti It\u00e1lie, pokr\u00fdvalo 625 n\u011bmeck\u00fdch letadel, st\u0159edn\u00ed a ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lie – pouze 170 letadel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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N\u011bmeck\u00e9 tanky Pz. Kpfw. VI „Tiger“ od 508. t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9ho tankov\u00e9ho praporu v Brennersk\u00e9m pr\u016fsmyku pobl\u00ed\u017e rakousko-italsk\u00fdch hranic b\u011bhem p\u0159esunu do It\u00e1lie. srpna 1943
N\u011bmci zaplavili italskou dopravu a komunikaci se sv\u00fdmi lidmi a z\u00e1rove\u0148 vytvo\u0159ili vlastn\u00ed komunika\u010dn\u00ed s\u00ed\u0165. V\u0161echny n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jednotky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 ve Francii, It\u00e1lii a na Balk\u00e1n\u011b dostaly p\u0159esn\u00e9 instrukce: jakmile It\u00e1lie opust\u00ed v\u00e1lku, na podm\u00edn\u011bn\u00fd sign\u00e1l odzbrojte a internujte italsk\u00e9 jednotky um\u00edst\u011bn\u00e9 v oblasti jejich nasazen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e9 vojensko-politick\u00e9 veden\u00ed v\u0161emu rozum\u011blo. Nemohl ale N\u011bmce popudit ostr\u00fdmi rozhodnut\u00edmi. Tak\u00e9 italsk\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly byly p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 slab\u00e9 a postr\u00e1daly motivaci bojovat se sv\u00fdmi b\u00fdval\u00fdmi spojenci. Berl\u00ednem schv\u00e1len\u00e9 sta\u017een\u00ed italsk\u00fdch jednotek z Francie a Jugosl\u00e1vie, ji\u017e z\u00e1visl\u00e9 na slab\u00e9 \u017eelezni\u010dn\u00ed s\u00edti, zdr\u017eeli N\u011bmci, kte\u0159\u00ed brzdili vagony a uhl\u00ed pro lokomotivy. Italsk\u00e9 protesty byly ignorov\u00e1ny, nebo byli N\u011bmci odrazov\u00e1ni pot\u0159ebou nal\u00e9hav\u00fdch opat\u0159en\u00ed proti hroz\u00edc\u00edmu nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9mu \u00fatoku.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italov\u00e9 v srpnu varovali sv\u00e9 jednotky p\u0159ed mo\u017enou konfrontac\u00ed s N\u011bmci dv\u011bma tajn\u00fdmi rozkazy. V\u0161echna velitelstv\u00ed a m\u00edsta vojska musela b\u00fdt pe\u010dliv\u011b st\u0159e\u017eena, v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b konfliktu mohly italsk\u00e9 s\u00edly podnikat proti\u00fatoky na d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdch m\u00edstech proti N\u011bmc\u016fm. Italsk\u00e9 ozbrojen\u00e9 s\u00edly v\u0161ak obecn\u011b nebyly p\u0159ipraveny \u010delit N\u011bmc\u016fm, vyhl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed pro n\u011b bylo p\u0159ekvapen\u00edm. Vojska nedost\u00e1vala p\u0159esn\u00e9 instrukce a byla demoralizovan\u00e1, naopak N\u011bmci jednali rychle a rozhodn\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Str\u00e1\u017eci n\u011bmeck\u00e9 2. para\u0161utistick\u00e9 divize, cyklist\u00e9 a kolemjdouc\u00ed na n\u00e1m\u011bst\u00ed p\u0159ed bazilikou svat\u00e9ho Petra ve Vatik\u00e1nu. Po boj\u00edch v \u0158\u00edm\u011b ve dnech 8.\u20139. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 n\u011bmeck\u00e1 vojska z\u00edskala kontrolu nad hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem It\u00e1lie a Vatik\u00e1nem
Pokra\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u011b<\/em> z\u00edtra<\/em><\/strong> v 07: 30: Operace Baytown. Spojeneck\u00e1 vylo\u010fovac\u00ed operace v It\u00e1lii<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

„45 dn\u00ed“ Italsk\u00e1 elita a spole\u010dnost, vyd\u011b\u0161en\u00e9 vyhl\u00eddkou na \u00faplnou por\u00e1\u017eku ve v\u00e1lce, se postavily…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1299,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1298","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"yoast_head":"\nOpera\u010dn\u00ed osa. 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