{"id":1301,"date":"2023-10-13T07:26:49","date_gmt":"2023-10-13T05:26:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/?p=1301"},"modified":"2023-10-12T07:29:31","modified_gmt":"2023-10-12T05:29:31","slug":"operace-baytown-spojenecka-vylodovaci-operace-v-italii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/operace-baytown-spojenecka-vylodovaci-operace-v-italii\/","title":{"rendered":"Operace Baytown. Spojeneck\u00e1 vylo\u010fovac\u00ed operace v It\u00e1lii"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

N\u011bmeck\u00e1 obrana<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Hitler ze zachycen\u00fdch radiogram\u016f v\u011bd\u011bl ji\u017e v polovin\u011b srpna 1943, \u017ee Badoglio vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1 s Angli\u00ed a Spojen\u00fdmi st\u00e1ty ( operace Axis<\/a> ). F\u00fchrer cht\u011bl m\u00edt co nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st It\u00e1lie pod kontrolou. Proto byl zam\u00edtnut Rommel\u016fv n\u00e1vrh st\u00e1hnout jednotky do Apenin a nechat na jihu co nejm\u00e9n\u011b voj\u00e1k\u016f. Obecn\u011b Hitler souhlasil s n\u00e1zorem velitele n\u011bmeck\u00fdch sil v ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lii, poln\u00edho mar\u0161\u00e1la Kesselringa: vydat rozhoduj\u00edc\u00ed bitvu ji\u017en\u011b od \u0158\u00edma a nepos\u00edlat velk\u00e9 s\u00edly na jih, dokud se situace nevyjasn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010det nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fdch v\u00fdsadkov\u00fdch sil a m\u00edsto vylod\u011bn\u00ed nebyly zn\u00e1my. Bylo z\u0159ejm\u00e9, \u017ee nep\u0159\u00edtel m\u016f\u017ee p\u0159ekro\u010dit Messinskou \u00fa\u017einu a vylodit jednotky v Kal\u00e1brii. Z\u00e1padn\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lie se vyzna\u010dovalo strm\u00fdmi, nep\u0159\u00edstupn\u00fdmi m\u00edsty. Pouze z\u00e1liv Salerno byl vhodn\u00fd pro p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed. Vojska se mohla vylodit i v oblastech Neapole a \u0158\u00edma. Na v\u00fdchodn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed byla p\u0159\u00edhodn\u00e1 m\u00edsta a p\u0159\u00edstavy Taranto, Brindisi a Bari. Ale vzd\u00e1lenost do t\u011bchto m\u00edst a mo\u017enosti leteck\u00e9<\/a> podpory byly znateln\u011b hor\u0161\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00edky n\u011bmeck\u00e9 skupin\u011b na Sic\u00edlii, kter\u00e1 z\u00edskala \u010das a nenechala se zni\u010dit, m\u011bly n\u011bmeck\u00e9 s\u00edly v It\u00e1lii \u010das p\u0159ipravit se na obranu. Divize, kter\u00e9 ustoupily ze Sic\u00edlie do ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lie, a formace tam p\u0159enesen\u00e9 ze severu byly sjednoceny do 10. arm\u00e1dy vytvo\u0159en\u00e9 v srpnu 1943 pod velen\u00edm gener\u00e1lplukovn\u00edka von Vietinghoffa. Form\u00e1ln\u011b byli N\u011bmci pod\u0159\u00edzeni veliteli 7. italsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy gener\u00e1lu Asierovi, kter\u00fd byl odpov\u011bdn\u00fd za obranu ji\u017en\u00ed It\u00e1lie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da se skl\u00e1dala p\u0159ev\u00e1\u017en\u011b z n\u011bkolika diviz\u00ed pob\u0159e\u017en\u00ed obrany s minim\u00e1ln\u00ed bojeschopnost\u00ed. 10. arm\u00e1da m\u011bla z\u00edskat \u010das na organizaci obrany ve st\u0159edn\u00ed It\u00e1lii a z\u00e1rove\u0148 se v\u010das a bez v\u00e1\u017en\u011bj\u0161\u00edch ztr\u00e1t st\u00e1hnout do oblasti ji\u017en\u011b od \u0158\u00edma. S p\u0159ihl\u00e9dnut\u00edm ke 3 nov\u00fdm a 4 diviz\u00edm sta\u017een\u00fdm ze Sic\u00edlie, kter\u00e9 dok\u00e1zaly evakuovat v\u011bt\u0161inu techniky a z\u00e1sob, byla pozice n\u011bmeck\u00fdch jednotek na kontinentu pom\u011brn\u011b p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

14. tankov\u00fd<\/a> sbor 10. arm\u00e1dy (16. tankov\u00e1 divize, tankov\u00e1 divize \u201eHermann Goering\u201c a 15. motorizovan\u00e1 divize) byl p\u0159eveden do oblasti Salerno, Gaeta, Neapol. 14. tankov\u00fd sbor a 1. paradesantn\u00ed divize byly dopln\u011bny a dostaly p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost k odpo\u010dinku po t\u011b\u017ek\u00fdch boj\u00edch v Tunisku a na Sic\u00edlii. Nov\u011b p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed 16. tankov\u00e1 divize byla tak\u00e9 v oblasti Salerna.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Na jihu poloostrova, v Kal\u00e1brii a Apulii, operoval 76. tankov\u00fd sbor (29. motorizovan\u00fd, 1. v\u00fdsadkov\u00fd a \u010d\u00e1st sil 26. tankov\u00e9 divize). Nov\u011b p\u0159\u00edchoz\u00ed 26. tankov\u00e1 divize zaujala obrann\u00e9 pozice v neju\u017e\u0161\u00edm m\u00edst\u011b poloostrova, v oblasti Catanzaro. Hlavn\u00ed s\u00edly 1. paradesantn\u00ed divize byly rozm\u00edst\u011bny v p\u0159\u00edstavech Taranto, Brindisi a Bari.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Pos\u00e1dka d\u011blost\u0159electva 6. v\u00fdsadkov\u00e9ho pluku Luftwaffe v bitv\u011b s italsk\u00fdmi jednotkami, kter\u00e9 se sna\u017eily zabr\u00e1nit n\u011bmeck\u00fdm jednotk\u00e1m ve vstupu do \u0158\u00edma po sta\u017een\u00ed It\u00e1lie z v\u00e1lky. Ve\u010der 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 se n\u011bmeck\u00e9 jednotky zalo\u017een\u00e9 ji\u017en\u011b od \u0158\u00edma za\u010daly pohybovat sm\u011brem k italsk\u00e9 metropoli s c\u00edlem m\u011bsto obsadit. Ke st\u0159et\u016fm s italsk\u00fdmi jednotkami do\u0161lo v oblasti Montagnola v \u0158\u00edm\u011b na Via Laurentina r\u00e1no 10. V r\u00e1mu jsou po\u0161kozen\u00e9, ho\u0159\u00edc\u00ed obrn\u011bn\u00e9 vozy AB41 z 1. gran\u00e1tnick\u00e9ho pluku. V d\u016fsledku toho byli Italov\u00e9 pora\u017eeni a odzbrojeni. Celkem bylo toho dne zabito 42 italsk\u00fdch voj\u00e1k\u016f a zem\u0159elo 11 civilist\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spojeneck\u00e9 vylod\u011bn\u00ed v It\u00e1lii<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Anglo-americk\u00e9 vojensko-politick\u00e9 veden\u00ed p\u0159i ur\u010dov\u00e1n\u00ed sv\u00fdch budouc\u00edch pl\u00e1n\u016f dlouho v\u00e1halo. \u00dasp\u011bch Rus\u016f u Kurska je v\u0161ak p\u0159im\u011bl vr\u00e1tit se k ot\u00e1zce vylod\u011bn\u00ed vojsk v Evrop\u011b. Urychlen\u011b byla svol\u00e1na konference veden\u00ed Spojen\u00fdch st\u00e1t\u016f a Velk\u00e9 Brit\u00e1nie. To se konalo ve dnech 14.\u201324. srpna 1943 v Quebecu pod kryc\u00edm n\u00e1zvem \u201eQuadrant\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Churchill ji\u017e d\u0159\u00edve trval na vylod\u011bn\u00ed spojeneck\u00fdch arm\u00e1d na Balk\u00e1nsk\u00e9m poloostrov\u011b, aby zabr\u00e1nil Rus\u016fm objevit se v ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b a tamn\u00edch zem\u00edch spadaj\u00edc\u00edch pod vliv SSSR. Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 se v\u0161ak ji\u017e za\u010dali ob\u00e1vat, \u017ee by Rusov\u00e9, rozv\u00edjej\u00edc\u00ed ofenz\u00edvu, mohli v\u00fdrazn\u011b pokro\u010dit v centr\u00e1ln\u00edm strategick\u00e9m sm\u011bru. A pokud spojenci uv\u00edznou v ji\u017en\u00ed Evrop\u011b, Rud\u00e1 arm\u00e1da obsad\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed Evropu. Quebeck\u00e1 konference rozhodla o proveden\u00ed vylod\u011bn\u00ed v severn\u00ed Francii v kv\u011btnu 1944.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Spojenci v bl\u00edzk\u00e9 budoucnosti pl\u00e1novali sta\u017een\u00ed It\u00e1lie z v\u00e1lky a vytvo\u0159en\u00ed leteck\u00fdch z\u00e1kladen v oblasti \u0158\u00edma a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u011b i d\u00e1le na sever. Obsadit Sardinii a Korsiku. Vytvo\u0159te italskou frontu v severn\u00ed It\u00e1lii k odveden\u00ed n\u011bmeck\u00fdch sil z Francie. To vytvo\u0159ilo p\u0159\u00edzniv\u00e9 podm\u00ednky pro invazi do severn\u00ed Francie a mo\u017en\u00e1 i do ji\u017en\u00ed Francie.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Spojene\u010dt\u00ed v\u016fdci na terase Citadely v Quebecu b\u011bhem Quebeck\u00e9 konference v roce 1943, na kter\u00e9 se diskutovalo o strategii otev\u0159en\u00ed druh\u00e9 fronty v Evrop\u011b a dal\u0161\u00edch spojeneck\u00fdch akc\u00edch proti N\u011bmecku (jako je zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 bombardov\u00e1n\u00ed). Zleva doprava: kanadsk\u00fd premi\u00e9r William Mackenzie King, americk\u00fd prezident Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Winston Churchill, gener\u00e1ln\u00ed guvern\u00e9r Kanady hrab\u011b z Athlone (Alexander Cambridge Athlone)
V prvn\u00ed f\u00e1zi se spojenci rozhodli vylodit jednotky 5. americk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy, pos\u00edlen\u00e9 britsk\u00fdm 10. sborem (2 divize) na pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Salernsk\u00e9ho z\u00e1livu ji\u017en\u011b od Neapole na z\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed It\u00e1lie a formaci 8. Britsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da v regionu Reggio Calabria na ji\u017en\u00edm poloostrov\u011b s c\u00edlem postupn\u00e9ho p\u0159esunu na sever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Britsk\u00e9 vylod\u011bn\u00ed m\u011blo za c\u00edl odklonit nep\u0159\u00edtele z hlavn\u00ed p\u0159ist\u00e1vac\u00ed plochy u Salerna. Do vylo\u010fovac\u00ed operace byly zapojeny velk\u00e9 s\u00edly a prost\u0159edky. V srpnu 1943 m\u011bli spojenci ve St\u0159edomo\u0159\u00ed 40 diviz\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b 27 britsk\u00fdch, 9 americk\u00fdch a 4 francouzsk\u00fdch. Mohlo by je podporovat v\u00edce ne\u017e 3,1 tis\u00edce letadel.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Eisenhower po\u017eadoval rychlou ofenz\u00edvu a cht\u011bl zah\u00e1jit ofenz\u00edvu britsk\u00e9 8. arm\u00e1dy 23. srpna. Velitel 8. arm\u00e1dy Montgomery byl proti un\u00e1hlen\u00e9 operaci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vylod\u011bn\u00ed spojeneck\u00fdch vojsk bylo zpo\u017ed\u011bno kv\u016fli \u0159ad\u011b objektivn\u00edch probl\u00e9m\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Silnice na severov\u00fdchod\u011b Sic\u00edlie byly zni\u010deny ustupuj\u00edc\u00edmi N\u011bmci. To zpozdilo koncentraci sil a prost\u0159edk\u016f britsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy. Byl nedostatek vylo\u010fovac\u00edch plavidel. Schopnost identifikovat m\u00edsta p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed byla omezen\u00e1. Bylo nutn\u00e9 vz\u00edt v \u00favahu potenci\u00e1l st\u00edhac\u00edch letoun\u016f kr\u00fdt p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

V noci na 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 za\u010dala operace Baytown. Spojeneck\u00e1 letadla a d\u011blost\u0159electvo zah\u00e1jily siln\u00e9 \u00fatoky na oblast Reggio Calabria. Za \u00fasvitu jednotky 1. kanadsk\u00e9 a 5. britsk\u00e9 divize 8. arm\u00e1dy p\u0159ekro\u010dily Messinskou \u00fa\u017einu a nenarazily na \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd odpor a p\u0159ist\u00e1ly na b\u0159ehu. B\u011bhem p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed nebylo jedin\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 letadlo. Spojeneck\u00e9 s\u00edly rychle obsadily Reggio Calabria a za\u010daly postupovat po \u00fazk\u00fdch horsk\u00fdch cest\u00e1ch na sever.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odpor byl minim\u00e1ln\u00ed: Italov\u00e9 se prost\u011b vzdali. N\u011bmci v podstat\u011b pouze ni\u010dili komunikace a zaminovali je. N\u011bmeck\u00e1 29. motorizovan\u00e1 divize dostala rozkaz st\u00e1hnout se od pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed a prov\u00e1d\u011bt pouze odstra\u0161uj\u00edc\u00ed operace v Kal\u00e1brii. Jednotky 29. divize se postupn\u011b stahovaly s 26. tankovou diviz\u00ed ji\u017en\u011b od Catanzara.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

P\u0159es minim\u00e1ln\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00fd odpor postupovali spojenci mimo\u0159\u00e1dn\u011b opatrn\u011b a pomalu. N\u011bmeck\u00fd zadn\u00ed voj ti\u0161e ustoupil na sever a m\u011bl kontakt pouze s britsk\u00fdmi pr\u016fzkumn\u00fdmi jednotkami. Do konce z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 8. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed spojeneck\u00e1 arm\u00e1da pochodovala pouze 20\u201325 km.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

8. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed se v t\u00fdlu n\u011bmeck\u00fdch jednotek v oblasti Banyara vylodila anglick\u00e1 v\u00fdsadkov\u00e1 s\u00edla \u2013 pos\u00edlen\u00fd pluk. N\u011bmci provedli proti\u00fatok se silami 16. tankov\u00e9 divize a z\u00fa\u017eili nep\u0159\u00e1telsk\u00e9 p\u0159edmost\u00ed, \u010d\u00edm\u017e z\u00edskali p\u0159\u00edle\u017eitost pokra\u010dovat v systematick\u00e9m \u00fastupu. 10. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed dos\u00e1hli Britov\u00e9 linie Catanzaro-Nicastro.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zde se Britov\u00e9 zastavili, a\u010dkoliv p\u0159ed nimi prakticky \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fd nep\u0159\u00edtel nebyl. Hlavn\u00edm probl\u00e9mem bylo z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed: silnice byly \u0161patn\u00e9, zni\u010den\u00e9 a nebyl dostatek dopravn\u00edch za\u0159\u00edzen\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"Britsk\u00e9 p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed v Reggiu. 3. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Vylod\u011bn\u00ed spojenc\u016f v Reggiu<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Royal Navy podporuje vylod\u011bn\u00ed v It\u00e1lii<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Odzbrojen\u00ed italsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Na jedn\u00e1n\u00edch mezi Angloameri\u010dany a It\u00e1ly o podm\u00ednk\u00e1ch kapitulace It\u00e1lie byla nastolena ot\u00e1zka spole\u010dn\u00e9ho postupu proti N\u011bmc\u016fm. Zejm\u00e9na se \u0159e\u0161ila ot\u00e1zka vylod\u011bn\u00ed americk\u00e9 82. v\u00fdsadkov\u00e9 divize na leti\u0161t\u00edch pobl\u00ed\u017e \u0158\u00edma \u2013 operace Grant II. Leti\u0161t\u011b m\u011bla b\u00fdt nejprve obsazena a st\u0159e\u017eena italsk\u00fdmi jednotkami.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ale v noci na 8. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed Badoglio hl\u00e1sil, \u017ee ital\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci nebudou schopni tento \u00fakol splnit. Pouk\u00e1zal tak\u00e9 na to, \u017ee je nevhodn\u00e9 ozn\u00e1mit kapitulaci \u0158\u00edma p\u0159ed \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou operac\u00ed v Salernu, proto\u017ee by to vyprovokovalo N\u011bmce k dobyt\u00ed \u0158\u00edma a svr\u017een\u00ed vl\u00e1dy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Americk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da nav\u00edc poznamenala, \u017ee po p\u0159ist\u00e1n\u00ed pobl\u00ed\u017e \u0158\u00edma by v\u00fdsadek padl do pasti. Proto mus\u00ed b\u00fdt operace zru\u0161ena. P\u0159\u00edkaz tuto operaci zru\u0161il.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Badogliovy nad\u011bje, \u017ee spojenci nebudou sp\u011bchat s ozn\u00e1men\u00edm kapitulace It\u00e1lie, se nenaplnily. Ve\u010der 8. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed ozn\u00e1mil lond\u00fdnsk\u00fd rozhlas p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed s It\u00e1li\u00ed. \u0160\u00e9f italsk\u00e9 vl\u00e1dy tak\u00e9 musel u\u010dinit rozhlasov\u00e9 prohl\u00e1\u0161en\u00ed o p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00ed a d\u00e1t rozkaz k zastaven\u00ed nep\u0159\u00e1telstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ruiny p\u0159\u00edstavu italsk\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstavu Civitavecchia. M\u011bsto bylo jedn\u00edm z hlavn\u00edch c\u00edl\u016f spojeneck\u00e9ho letectva, kter\u00e9 m\u011blo zabr\u00e1nit p\u0159eprav\u011b z\u00e1loh a techniky po mo\u0159i do \u0158\u00edma.
N\u011bmeck\u00e1 arm\u00e1da okam\u017eit\u011b zah\u00e1jila operaci Osa. N\u011bmeck\u00e9 divize, kter\u00e9 ji\u017e ovl\u00e1daly strategick\u00e9 oblasti zem\u011b, italsk\u00e9 jednotky rychle a rozhodn\u011b odzbrojily. Italsk\u00e9 vrchn\u00ed velen\u00ed p\u00e1r t\u00fddn\u016f p\u0159ed p\u0159\u00edm\u011b\u0159\u00edm vydalo pokyny velitel\u016fm a jednotk\u00e1m pro p\u0159\u00edpad sta\u017een\u00ed z v\u00e1lky a p\u0159\u00edpadn\u00e9 n\u011bmeck\u00e9 agrese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Pokyny v\u0161ak postr\u00e1daly konkr\u00e9tnost, byly ne\u00fa\u010dinn\u00e9 a pouze zvy\u0161ovaly demoralizaci jednotek, kter\u00e9 byly ohromeny z\u00e1sadn\u00edmi zm\u011bnami v politice zem\u011b. Arm\u00e1da doslova zkolabovala. V\u011bt\u0161ina velitel\u016f, tv\u00e1\u0159\u00ed v tv\u00e1\u0159 rozhodn\u00fdm akc\u00edm Wehrmachtu, rad\u011bji b\u00edlou vlajku shodila. Jednotky, kter\u00e9 se ocitly bez velitel\u016f a jasn\u00fdch pokyn\u016f, prost\u011b utekly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed vojensko-politick\u00e9 veden\u00ed It\u00e1lie nebylo schopno zorganizovat \u00fa\u010dinn\u00fd odpor ozbrojen\u00fdch sil. Mo\u017en\u00e1 to nem\u011bli v \u00famyslu a doufali ve spojeneck\u00e9 vylod\u011bn\u00ed. Anglo-Ameri\u010dan\u00e9 zase nepomohli Ital\u016fm, kte\u0159\u00ed se p\u0159esto postavili na odpor. Vid\u011bli je pouze jako \u201epotravu pro d\u011bla\u201c, kterou lze odepsat.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rommel a skupina arm\u00e1d B bez probl\u00e9m\u016f obsadili severn\u00ed oblasti It\u00e1lie. Poln\u00ed mar\u0161\u00e1l v dopise sv\u00e9 \u017een\u011b ze dne 10. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 uvedl:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eUd\u00e1losti v It\u00e1lii byly samoz\u0159ejm\u011b p\u0159edv\u00eddateln\u00e9 a situaci, kter\u00e1 tam nastala, ne bez na\u0161\u00ed \u00fa\u010dasti, se dalo p\u0159edej\u00edt. Na jihu zem\u011b u\u017e proti n\u00e1m bojuj\u00ed italsk\u00e9 jednotky spolu s Angli\u010dany. Na severu jsou nyn\u00ed ital\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci odzbrojeni a ital\u0161t\u00ed zajatci jsou pos\u00edl\u00e1ni do N\u011bmecka. Jak\u00fd ostudn\u00fd konec pro arm\u00e1du!…\u201c
Kesselring, kter\u00fd velel skupin\u011b arm\u00e1d Jih, i p\u0159es ur\u010dit\u00e9 obavy, \u017ee nebude schopen sou\u010dasn\u011b odrazit \u00fatok nep\u0159\u00edtele a zne\u0161kodnit italskou arm\u00e1du, si se sv\u00fdm \u00fakolem tak\u00e9 docela dob\u0159e poradil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ve\u010der 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed italsk\u00fd kr\u00e1l a vl\u00e1da uprchli na jih zem\u011b, do Brindisi, pot\u00e9 do Egypta. Hlavn\u00ed m\u011bsto br\u00e1nily 4 italsk\u00e9 divize, celkem asi 55 tis\u00edc voj\u00e1k\u016f, 200 obrn\u011bn\u00fdch vozidel. Proti nim st\u00e1ly Berentinova 2. v\u00fdsadkov\u00e1 divize a Greiserova 3. tankov\u00e1 divize, prapor 26. tankov\u00e9 divize. N\u011bmci ve dnech 10.\u201311. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed bez probl\u00e9m\u016f obsadili \u0158\u00edm.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italsk\u00e1 flotila, kter\u00e1 se skl\u00e1dala z v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 lod\u00ed, v\u010detn\u011b n\u011bkolika nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch a nejmodern\u011bj\u0161\u00edch bitevn\u00edch lod\u00ed, m\u011bla pro T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161i zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed strategickou hodnotu. V\u011bt\u0161ina lod\u00ed se nach\u00e1zela na z\u00e1kladn\u00e1ch na z\u00e1padn\u00edm pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed zem\u011b \u2013 v La Spezii, Janov\u011b a Tarantu. Italov\u00e9 se rozhodli vz\u00edt lod\u011b na Maltu a do severn\u00ed Afriky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V noci na 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed opustily La Spezii t\u0159i bitevn\u00ed lod\u011b \u2013 Roma, Vittorio Veneto a Italia \u2013 doprov\u00e1zen\u00e9 3 k\u0159i\u017en\u00edky a 8 torp\u00e9doborci. Lod\u011b ode\u0161ly pod velen\u00edm admir\u00e1la Carla Bergaminiho, kter\u00fd dostal rozkaz odevzdat lod\u011b Anglo-Ameri\u010dan\u016fm na Malt\u011b. N\u011bmci obsadili m\u011bsto, zatkli a zast\u0159elili kapit\u00e1ny n\u011bkolika italsk\u00fdch lod\u00ed, kte\u0159\u00ed nebyli schopni sv\u00e9 lod\u011b st\u00e1hnout, a proto je potopili.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Z Janova se p\u0159ipojily dal\u0161\u00ed 3 k\u0159i\u017en\u00edky. Ve stejn\u00fd den byly italsk\u00e9 lod\u011b napadeny n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi bombard\u00e9ry u pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Sardinie. N\u011bkolik lod\u00ed bylo v\u00e1\u017en\u011b po\u0161kozeno a bitevn\u00ed lo\u010f Roma byla ztracena. Z 1849 \u010dlen\u016f pos\u00e1dky se zachr\u00e1nilo jen 596. V\u011bt\u0161ina zb\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch lod\u00ed bezpe\u010dn\u011b dorazila do severn\u00ed Afriky a na Maltu ovl\u00e1danou spojenci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. italsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da, s\u00eddl\u00edc\u00ed na jihu Francie a v procesu p\u0159esunu do It\u00e1lie, nebyla schopna odolat. Ve skute\u010dnosti Italov\u00e9, stejn\u011b jako jinde, necht\u011bli bojovat ani proti Angloameri\u010dan\u016fm, ani proti N\u011bmc\u016fm. V\u011bt\u0161ina voj\u00e1k\u016f se prost\u011b roze\u0161la a sna\u017eila se dostat dom\u016f. N\u011bmci bez probl\u00e9m\u016f obsadili kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00e9 pozice v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii. 12. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed velen\u00ed ofici\u00e1ln\u011b rozpustilo arm\u00e1du. Velk\u00e1 italsk\u00e1 skupina na Balk\u00e1n\u011b (2., 9. a 11. arm\u00e1da) se obecn\u011b vzdala bez boje.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V m\u00edstech, kde se Italov\u00e9 sna\u017eili vzdorovat, projevili N\u011bmci velkou krutost a odpor utopili v krvi. Hitler vydal rozkaz, kter\u00fd umo\u017e\u0148oval popravit ka\u017ed\u00e9ho italsk\u00e9ho d\u016fstojn\u00edka, kter\u00fd se postavil na odpor, \u201eza zradu\u201c. 18. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vydalo vrchn\u00ed velen\u00ed Wehrmachtu rozkaz, \u017ee \u201ekv\u016fli z\u00e1ke\u0159n\u00e9mu a zr\u00e1dn\u00e9mu chov\u00e1n\u00ed Ital\u016f by nem\u011bli b\u00fdt v Kefalonii zajati \u017e\u00e1dn\u00ed zajatci\u201c. N\u011bmci zabili v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00e9 zajatce italsk\u00e9 33. p\u011b\u0161\u00ed divize \u201eAcqui\u201c na \u0159eck\u00e9m ostrov\u011b Kefalonia \u2013 asi 5 tis\u00edc lid\u00ed. Byla to jedna z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch hromadn\u00fdch poprav v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zajatc\u016f b\u011bhem v\u00e1lky a jeden z nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edch v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00fdch zlo\u010din\u016f Wehrmachtu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Italsk\u00e1 bitevn\u00ed lo\u010f Roma na mo\u0159i<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"\/<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Potopen\u00ed italsk\u00e9 bitevn\u00ed lodi Roma. 9. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943 ve t\u0159i hodiny r\u00e1no hlavn\u00ed \u010d\u00e1st italsk\u00e9 flotily<\/a> v\u010detn\u011b bitevn\u00ed lodi Roma opustila La Spezii a zam\u00ed\u0159ila na Maltu do internace. Pohyb lod\u00ed \u0159\u00eddila spojeneck\u00e1 pr\u016fzkumn\u00e1 letadla. V 15:00 33 min. Ve stejn\u00fd den byla italsk\u00e1 letka pobl\u00ed\u017e ostrova Sardinie napadena jeden\u00e1cti n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi bombard\u00e9ry Do.217 um\u00edst\u011bn\u00fdmi na leti\u0161ti v ji\u017en\u00ed Francii. Letouny byly napadeny nov\u00fdmi nav\u00e1d\u011bn\u00fdmi pumami FX-1400.
Roma byl zasa\u017een dv\u011bma bombami v rozmez\u00ed 10 minut od sebe. N\u00e1sledkem druh\u00e9ho z\u00e1sahu do\u0161lo k detonaci z\u00e1sobn\u00edk\u016f munice hlavn\u00ed r\u00e1\u017ee \u010d. 2 a 1 (700 tun st\u0159eliva). Za\u010dala siln\u00e1 palba a nad p\u0159\u00edd\u00ed bitevn\u00ed lodi stoupal oblak \u010dern\u00e9ho kou\u0159e vysok\u00fd n\u011bkolik set metr\u016f. V 16:18 se lo\u010f rozbila a potopila. Z 1849 \u010dlen\u016f pos\u00e1dky se poda\u0159ilo zachr\u00e1nit pouze 596.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u00dasp\u011bch T\u0159et\u00ed \u0159\u00ed\u0161e<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bmecko provedlo operaci Osa rychle a efektivn\u011b. V\u011bt\u0161ina It\u00e1lie s \u0158\u00edmem, velk\u00e1 pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 centra na severu zem\u011b, strategick\u00e9 pozice z\u016fstaly pod kontrolou N\u011bmc\u016f. N\u011bmci obsadili italskou okupa\u010dn\u00ed z\u00f3nu ve Francii a na Balk\u00e1n\u011b (\u0158ecko, Alb\u00e1nie a Jugosl\u00e1vie). Italsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da byla odzbrojena a nemohla spojenc\u016fm nijak pomoci.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Italov\u00e9 ztratili 20\u201330 tis\u00edc zabit\u00fdch a 800 tis\u00edc zajat\u00fdch. T\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 v\u0161echny zbran\u011b<\/a> , vybaven\u00ed a z\u00e1soby italsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy byly zajaty N\u011bmci. Jedinou p\u0159ek\u00e1\u017ekou bylo sta\u017een\u00ed velk\u00fdch lod\u00ed italsk\u00e9 flotily pod nep\u0159\u00e1telskou kontrolou.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

12. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed N\u011bmci provedli \u00fasp\u011b\u0161nou speci\u00e1ln\u00ed operaci \u201eDub\u201c. N\u011bmeck\u00fd sabot\u00e9r Otto Skorzeny osvobodil svr\u017een\u00e9ho v\u016fdce fa\u0161istick\u00e9 It\u00e1lie Benita Mussoliniho, kter\u00fd byl dr\u017een v hotelu Albergo Rifugio v Apeninsk\u00fdch hor\u00e1ch. Mussolini cht\u011bl odej\u00edt do d\u016fchodu, ale Hitler ho donutil postavit se do \u010dela nov\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. 23. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed vznikla Italsk\u00e1 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed republika, neform\u00e1ln\u011b zn\u00e1m\u00e1 jako Republika Salo (kv\u016fli hlavn\u00edmu m\u011bstu ve m\u011bst\u011b Salo).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Mussolini s n\u011bmeck\u00fdmi para\u0161utisty po osvobozen\u00ed, 12. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed 1943
13. \u0159\u00edjna vyhl\u00e1silo Italsk\u00e9 kr\u00e1lovstv\u00ed, jeho\u017e form\u00e1ln\u00edm hlavn\u00edm m\u011bstem bylo m\u011bsto Brindisi, v\u00e1lku N\u011bmecku a v\u0161em jeho spojenc\u016fm, v\u010detn\u011b Italsk\u00e9 soci\u00e1ln\u00ed republiky.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V It\u00e1lii za\u010dala ob\u010dansk\u00e1 v\u00e1lka. \u010c\u00e1st italsk\u00e9 arm\u00e1dy bojovala proti N\u011bmc\u016fm spole\u010dn\u011b s angloamerick\u00fdmi jednotkami, dal\u0161\u00ed \u010d\u00e1sti a fa\u0161ist\u00e9 z\u016fstali nad\u00e1le loaj\u00e1ln\u00ed Mussolinimu a za\u010dali bojovat na stran\u011b N\u011bmecka. Bitva o It\u00e1lii pokra\u010dovala dal\u0161\u00ed rok a p\u016fl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Anglie a USA o\u010dek\u00e1valy mnohem v\u00edce od odchodu It\u00e1lie z v\u00e1lky na stran\u011b N\u011bmecka. V\u011b\u0159ilo se, \u017ee N\u011bmci budou muset bojovat na dvou front\u00e1ch \u2013 proti postupuj\u00edc\u00edm spojenc\u016fm a b\u00fdval\u00fdm italsk\u00fdm spojenc\u016fm v t\u00fdlu. Italov\u00e9 se stanou pro spojence potravou pro d\u011bla. N\u011bmci by museli rychle opustit v\u011bt\u0161inu poloostrova.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nic takov\u00e9ho se nestalo. Velk\u00e1 italsk\u00e1 arm\u00e1da se rychle a ti\u0161e odzbrojila a opustila m\u00edsto \u010dinu. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed Italov\u00e9 se vzdali spojenc\u016fm, jin\u00ed N\u011bmc\u016fm a byli posl\u00e1ni do t\u00fdlu jako v\u00e1le\u010dn\u00ed zajatci. Mal\u00e1 \u010d\u00e1st, kter\u00e1 z\u016fstala v\u011brn\u00e1 Duce, po propu\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed Mussoliniho 12. z\u00e1\u0159\u00ed p\u0159e\u0161la na stranu N\u011bmc\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Zajat\u00ed ital\u0161t\u00ed voj\u00e1ci v Bolzanu. Severn\u00ed It\u00e1lie<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

N\u011bmeck\u00e1 obrana Hitler ze zachycen\u00fdch radiogram\u016f v\u011bd\u011bl ji\u017e v polovin\u011b srpna 1943, \u017ee Badoglio vyjedn\u00e1v\u00e1…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1302,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[117],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1301","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie"],"yoast_head":"\nOperace Baytown. 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