{"id":868,"date":"2023-10-06T23:21:05","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T21:21:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/?p=868"},"modified":"2023-10-06T23:21:05","modified_gmt":"2023-10-06T21:21:05","slug":"jsou-rostliny-kognitivni-inteligentni-bytosti","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/jsou-rostliny-kognitivni-inteligentni-bytosti\/","title":{"rendered":"Jsou rostliny kognitivn\u00ed, inteligentn\u00ed bytosti?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Jak se panpsychismus (my\u0161lenka, \u017ee v\u0161echny formy \u017eivota jsou do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry v\u011bdom\u00e9) uchytil ve v\u011bd\u011b, ovliv\u0148uje n\u011bkter\u00e9 oblasti v\u00edce ne\u017e jin\u00e9. P\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lejte o tom, jak to ovliv\u0148uje botaniku…

No, nemus\u00edme fantaz\u00edrovat. Tento t\u00fdden Univerzita v Heidelbergu varovala, \u017ee my\u0161lenka, \u017ee rostliny d\u011blaj\u00ed to, co si obvykle spojujeme se zv\u00ed\u0159aty, je nad r\u00e1mec v\u011bdy:

Rostlin\u00e1m jsou \u010dasto p\u0159ipisov\u00e1ny schopnosti podobn\u00e9 t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 jsou zn\u00e1m\u00e9 ve sv\u011bt\u011b zv\u00ed\u0159at a lid\u00ed. V\u011b\u0159\u00ed se, \u017ee stromy maj\u00ed city a \u00fadajn\u011b se mohou starat o sv\u00e9 potomky jako matka. V \u010dl\u00e1nku publikovan\u00e9m v recenzn\u00edm \u010dasopise Trends in Plant Science analyzovalo tato tvrzen\u00ed 32 mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk\u016f zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00edch se rostlinami a lesy.

V\u011bdci pod veden\u00edm profesora Davida G. Robinsona, emeritn\u00edho profesora bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e9 biologie v Centru pro studium organism\u016f (COS) na univerzit\u011b v Heidelbergu, analyzovali v\u00fdroky ve dvou popul\u00e1rn\u00edch publikac\u00edch o les\u00edch a dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee spekulace jsou skute\u010dnost\u00ed. Varuj\u00ed p\u0159ed \u201eantropomorfizuj\u00edc\u00edmi\u201c rostlinami<\/a> .<\/em>

Nejen v popul\u00e1rn\u00ed literatu\u0159e
<\/strong>
Takov\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed v\u0161ak nenajdeme jen v popul\u00e1rn\u00ed literatu\u0159e. Profesor Robinson a n\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed jeho kolegov\u00e9 ji\u017e na toto t\u00e9ma hovo\u0159ili.

V roce 2020 vydala EMBO Reports \u010dl\u00e1nek<\/a> Franti\u0161ka Balu\u0161ky a jeho koleg\u016f s n\u00e1zvem \u201eRostliny, klima a lid\u00e9: Inteligence rostlin v\u0161e m\u011bn\u00ed\u201c. Od abstraktu k pr\u00e1ci:

V posledn\u00edch desetilet\u00edch v\u0161ak v\u011bda o rostlin\u00e1ch uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rostliny jsou mnohem v\u00edc ne\u017e jen pasivn\u00ed struktury (entity) v\u00e1zaj\u00edc\u00ed uhl\u00edk.

Disponuj\u00ed inteligenc\u00ed specifickou pro rostliny, s n\u00ed\u017e manipuluj\u00ed s abiotick\u00fdm i biotick\u00fdm prost\u0159ed\u00edm, v\u010detn\u011b klimatick\u00fdch podm\u00ednek a cel\u00fdch ekosyst\u00e9m\u016f.

Nahl\u00ed\u017een\u00ed na rostliny jako na aktivn\u00ed a inteligentn\u00ed \u010dinitele tak m\u00e1 hlubok\u00e9 d\u016fsledky nejen pro budouc\u00ed klimatick\u00e9 sc\u00e9n\u00e1\u0159e, ale tak\u00e9 pro pochopen\u00ed role a pozice lidstva v biosf\u00e9\u0159e Zem\u011b.

BALU\u0160KA F., MANCUSO S. ROSTLINY, KLIMA A LID\u00c9: ROSTLINN\u00c1 INTELIGENCE V\u0160ECHNO M\u011aN\u00cd<\/a> . EMBO REP. 4. b\u0159ezna 2020; 21(3):E50109. DOI: 10.15252\/EMBR.202050109. EPUB 2020, 27. \u00fanora. PMID: 32103598; PMCID: PMC7054678.<\/em>

Robinson et al. byli skepti\u010dt\u00ed k tvrzen\u00ed o \u201einteligenci specifick\u00e9 pro rostliny\u201c a v EMBO Reports napsali<\/a> n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00ed: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rostlinn\u00e1 \u201einteligence\u201c nic nem\u011bn\u00ed

<\/strong>Pokusy humanizovat rostliny mohou b\u00fdt v souladu s modern\u00edmi trendy buj\u00edc\u00ed antropomorfismu v biologii, ale vykresluj\u00ed extr\u00e9mn\u011b zkreslen\u00fd obraz \u017eivota rostlin.

Tento \u010dl\u00e1nek EMBO Reports p\u0159id\u00e1v\u00e1 dal\u0161\u00ed rozm\u011br zjevn\u00fdm kognitivn\u00edm a soci\u00e1ln\u00edm schopnostem rostlin s v\u011btami jako \u201eNov\u00fd pohled na vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed rostliny jako kognitivn\u00ed a inteligentn\u00ed organismy, kter\u00e9 aktivn\u011b manipuluj\u00ed s prost\u0159ed\u00edm, aby uspokojily sv\u00e9 pot\u0159eby\u201c a \u201eLid\u00e9 nejsou vylou\u010deni z manipulativn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed rostlin…\u201c apeluj\u00ed na psychologick\u00e9 a neurobiologick\u00e9 koncepty soci\u00e1ln\u00edho pozn\u00e1n\u00ed, ani\u017e by poskytly empirick\u00fd z\u00e1klad pro tak dalekos\u00e1hl\u00fd n\u00e1vrh.<\/em>

A Balu\u0161ka a jej\u00ed kolega odpov\u011bd\u011bli :<\/a> na to

Rostliny jsou \u017eiv\u00e9 bytosti se v\u0161emi jejich behavior\u00e1ln\u00edmi a kognitivn\u00edmi d\u016fsledky.<\/strong>

V\u017edy jsme byli dob\u0159\u00ed v kritice – kdy\u017e studujeme pozn\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed rostlin, o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1me to – ale nev\u011b\u0159\u00edme, \u017ee dogmatick\u00fd postoj m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt u\u017eite\u010dn\u00fd pro rozvoj v\u011bdy. Pokud Robinson a spol. cht\u011bj\u00ed nad\u00e1le tvrdit, \u017ee 85 % zemsk\u00e9 biomasy (rostliny) jsou organick\u00e9 polo\u017eiv\u00e9 stroje a inteligence je dar pat\u0159\u00edc\u00ed pouze 0,3 % \u017eivota (zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm), pak samoz\u0159ejm\u011b mohou svobodn\u011b v\u011b\u0159it ale mus\u00ed sv\u00e1 tvrzen\u00ed podlo\u017eit v\u011bdeck\u00fdmi d\u016fkazy.<\/em>

Mimochodem, Franti\u0161ek Balu\u0161ka je sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed skupiny T\u0159et\u00ed cesta evoluce<\/a> , kter\u00e1 se sna\u017e\u00ed p\u0159ekro\u010dit darwinovsk\u00fd p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br a pochopit evoluci. Mo\u017en\u00e1 pr\u00e1v\u011b v tom spo\u010d\u00edv\u00e1 nap\u011bt\u00ed, jak ve sv\u00e9 kritice p\u00ed\u0161\u00ed Robinson et al.: \u201eV\u011bt\u0161ina ekolog\u016f ch\u00e1pe, \u017ee \u201aekologick\u00e1 strategie\u2018 je zav\u00e1d\u011bj\u00edc\u00ed teleologick\u00e1 zkratka pro evolu\u010dn\u00ed adaptivn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed ur\u010den\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00edm v\u00fdb\u011brem.\u201c

Dok\u00e1\u017ee darwinismus odolat panpsychismu?<\/strong>

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b, z\u00e1kladn\u00edm bodem je skute\u010dnost, \u017ee Darwin\u016fv koncept p\u0159\u00edrody ani nep\u0159ipisuje \u010dlov\u011bku p\u0159\u00edtomnost skute\u010dn\u00e9 inteligence. Jednodu\u0161e jsme si \u201evyvinuli adaptivn\u00ed chov\u00e1n\u00ed d\u00edky p\u0159irozen\u00e9mu v\u00fdb\u011bru\u201c.

Jin\u00fdmi slovy, p\u0159\u00edrodn\u00ed v\u00fdb\u011br p\u016fsob\u00edc\u00ed na n\u00e1hodn\u00e9 mutace (darwinismus) pr\u00fd vysv\u011btluje abstraktn\u00ed matematiku, Louvre a v\u0161echna duchovn\u00ed u\u010den\u00ed na teorii, \u017ee umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00ed jejich tv\u016frc\u016fm a obdivovatel\u016fm \u0161\u00ed\u0159it jejich sobeck\u00e9 geny.

Samoz\u0159ejm\u011b m\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt pova\u017eov\u00e1no za neudr\u017eiteln\u00e9, aby rostliny pl\u00e1novaly nebo p\u0159em\u00fd\u0161lely. Ale up\u0159\u00edmn\u011b \u0159e\u010deno, darwinismus je tak\u00e9 neudr\u017eiteln\u00fd. Zm\u011bn\u00ed se tento spor ve v\u00e1lku insolvence?

Mezit\u00edm se popul\u00e1rn\u011b v\u011bdeck\u00fdm m\u00e9di\u00edm l\u00edb\u00ed nov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstup k rostlin\u00e1m. Zde je nap\u0159\u00edklad \u010dl\u00e1nek<\/a> z \u010dasopisu ZME Science:

V\u011bdci z Tel Avivsk\u00e9 univerzity (TAU) zaznamenali vysokofrekven\u010dn\u00ed vzduchem p\u0159en\u00e1\u0161en\u00fd hluk produkovan\u00fd rostlinami, kter\u00e9 trp\u00ed hladem po vod\u011b. Tyto zvuky lze interpretovat jako znamen\u00ed, \u017ee rostliny volaj\u00ed o pomoc (pros\u00edm, zalijte m\u011b!), podobn\u011b jako to d\u011blaj\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata v nouzi.

V\u011bdci ve sv\u00e9 studii nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee kdykoli je rostlina \u0159ez\u00e1na, kdy\u017e trp\u00ed infekc\u00ed nebo je ve stresu z nedostatku vody, vyd\u00e1v\u00e1 opakovan\u00e9 cvak\u00e1n\u00ed. \u010clov\u011bk tato kliknut\u00ed nesly\u0161\u00ed, proto\u017ee jejich frekvence je nad sly\u0161iteln\u00fdm rozsahem (od 40 do 80 kHz, zat\u00edmco \u010dlov\u011bk sly\u0161\u00ed zvuky pouze do 20 kHz).

RUPENDRA BRAHAMBHATT, \u201eROSTLINY \u201eK\u0158I\u010c\u00cd\u201c VE STRESOV\u00ddCH SITUAC\u00cdCH. TAK JE SLY\u0160\u00cdTE<\/a> ,\u201c AME SCIENCE, 26. Z\u00c1\u0158\u00cd 2023. \u010cL\u00c1NEK JE OTEV\u0158EN\u00dd P\u0158\u00cdSTUP.<\/em>

ZME Science si klade nevyhnutelnou ot\u00e1zku: „Tak\u017ee mohou rostliny pro\u017e\u00edvat emoce, nebo ne?“ V\u011bdci uvedli, \u017ee \u201enemohou s jistotou \u0159\u00edci\u201c.

Darwinist\u00e9 se mo\u017en\u00e1 budou muset nau\u010dit \u201eadaptovat\u201c na nov\u00e9 podm\u00ednky, proto\u017ee panpsychismus se st\u00e1le v\u00edce st\u00e1v\u00e1 z\u00e1kladn\u00edm p\u0159edpokladem ve v\u011bd\u011b a v\u011bdeck\u00e9 literatu\u0159e.
<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Jak se panpsychismus (my\u0161lenka, \u017ee v\u0161echny formy \u017eivota jsou do ur\u010dit\u00e9 m\u00edry v\u011bdom\u00e9) uchytil ve…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":869,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-868","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zajimavosti"],"yoast_head":"\nJsou rostliny kognitivn\u00ed, inteligentn\u00ed bytosti? - L\u00edpov\u00fd List<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/jsou-rostliny-kognitivni-inteligentni-bytosti\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Jsou rostliny kognitivn\u00ed, inteligentn\u00ed bytosti? 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