{"id":954,"date":"2023-10-08T05:14:17","date_gmt":"2023-10-08T03:14:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/?p=954"},"modified":"2023-10-08T05:14:17","modified_gmt":"2023-10-08T03:14:17","slug":"bizarni-rakovina-se-mezi-mekkysi-siri-zjistily-studie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/bizarni-rakovina-se-mezi-mekkysi-siri-zjistily-studie\/","title":{"rendered":"Bizarn\u00ed rakovina se mezi m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed, zjistily studie."},"content":{"rendered":"\n

V 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed za\u010daly v Maine a Chesapeake Bay z\u00e1hadn\u011b odum\u00edrat m\u011bkk\u00e9 \u0161keble. O n\u011bkolik let pozd\u011bji v\u011bdci identifikovali vin\u00edka: bizarn\u00ed formu rakoviny, kter\u00e1 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159ila jako epidemie.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kdy\u017e lid\u00e9 onemocn\u00ed rakovinou, obvykle k n\u00ed doch\u00e1z\u00ed, kdy\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 z jejich vlastn\u00edch bun\u011bk z\u00edskaj\u00ed mutace a mno\u017e\u00ed se mimo kontrolu. Ale \u0161keble byly napad\u00e1ny voln\u011b plovouc\u00edmi bu\u0148kami, kter\u00e9 poch\u00e1zely z jin\u00fdch \u0161kebl\u00ed. Mimozemsk\u00e1 rakovinov\u00e1 bu\u0148ka se uvnit\u0159 sv\u00e9 nov\u00e9 ob\u011bti rozmno\u017eila a n\u011bkter\u00e9 z jej\u00edch potomk\u016f pak utekly a za\u00fato\u010dily na jin\u00e9 \u0161keble.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I dal\u0161\u00ed druhy m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f se st\u00e1vaj\u00ed ob\u011b\u0165mi naka\u017eliv\u00e9 rakoviny. A nyn\u00ed v\u011bdci zjistili, \u017ee tyto linie rakovinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk po stalet\u00ed, mo\u017en\u00e1 dokonce tis\u00edce let, p\u0159eskakuj\u00ed z jednoho m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161e na druh\u00e9ho a na cest\u011b zaznamenaj\u00ed p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 mno\u017estv\u00ed v\u00fdmluvn\u00fdch mutac\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

„Nezd\u00e1 se biologicky mo\u017en\u00e9, \u017ee by to tyto druhy rakoviny d\u011blaly,“ \u0159ekl Adrian Baez-Ortega, po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov\u00fd biolog z Wellcome Sanger Institute v Anglii a autor jedn\u00e9 ze dvou studi\u00ed o rakovin\u011b zve\u0159ejn\u011bn\u00fdch v pond\u011bl\u00ed. „A p\u0159esto jsou dlouhov\u011bc\u00ed.“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V roce 2015 v\u011bdci sekvenovali kr\u00e1tk\u00e9 kousky DNA v rakovinn\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch odebran\u00fdch z m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f v Kanad\u011b, Maine a New Yorku. Genetick\u00e1 anal\u00fdza uk\u00e1zala, \u017ee rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky nepat\u0159ily zv\u00ed\u0159at\u016fm, ze kter\u00fdch poch\u00e1zej\u00ed. M\u00edsto toho byli v\u0161ichni p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00ed jeden s druh\u00fdm, poch\u00e1zeli z jedin\u00e9 bu\u0148ky p\u0159edk\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Do t\u00e9 doby v\u011bdci v\u011bd\u011bli o naka\u017eliv\u00fdch rakovin\u00e1ch pouze u dvou savc\u016f: tasm\u00e1nsk\u00e9ho \u010derta a ps\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Rakovina u tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u010dert\u016f tvo\u0159\u00ed n\u00e1dory na obli\u010deji va\u010dnatce. Kdy\u017e se zv\u00ed\u0159ata b\u011bhem boj\u016f nebo p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed navz\u00e1jem kousnou, mohou sebrat rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky. Nemoc vyhubila 90 % cel\u00e9ho druhu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naproti tomu psi mohou z\u00edskat docela benign\u00ed rakovinu, kter\u00e1 se \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed b\u011bhem p\u00e1\u0159en\u00ed. Bu\u0148ky tvo\u0159\u00ed v\u00fdr\u016fstky kolem genit\u00e1li\u00ed a imunitn\u00ed syst\u00e9m ps\u016f obvykle ni\u010d\u00ed vet\u0159elce b\u011bhem n\u011bkolika t\u00fddn\u016f.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Objev naka\u017eliv\u00fdch rakovin u m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f podn\u00edtil hled\u00e1n\u00ed dal\u0161\u00edch m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f. V\u011bdci zat\u00edm zve\u0159ejnili podrobnosti o naka\u017eliv\u00e9 rakovin\u011b u dal\u0161\u00edch osmi druh\u016f, v\u010detn\u011b mu\u0161l\u00ed a srdcovek.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eP\u0159ijde v\u00edc \u2013 v\u00edc, o \u010dem v\u00edme, a pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b v\u00edc, co nev\u00edme,\u201c \u0159ekl Michael Metzger, biolog z Pacific Northwest Research Institute v Seattlu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V posledn\u00edch letech se Metzger a jeho kolegov\u00e9 pokusili katalogizovat v\u0161echny mutace, kter\u00e9 vznikly od doby, kdy rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky opustily p\u016fvodn\u00ed \u0161keble a staly se p\u0159enosn\u00fdmi. Baez-Ortega a jeho kolegov\u00e9 provedli podobnou studii na koukolovit\u00e1, kter\u00fd \u017eije pod\u00e9l atlantick\u00e9ho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed Evropy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u00edsto sekvenov\u00e1n\u00ed mal\u00fdch \u00fatr\u017ek\u016f DNA z rakovinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk v\u011bdci sekvenovali cel\u00e9 genomy i genomy zv\u00ed\u0159at. V\u011bdci pak mohli porovnat DNA jak ze zdrav\u00fdch bun\u011bk zv\u00ed\u0159at, tak z jejich nemocn\u00fdch bun\u011bk, aby na\u0161li statis\u00edce mutac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vznikly u naka\u017eliv\u00fdch rakovin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u011bkter\u00e9 rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky m\u011bly spole\u010dn\u00e9 mutace, kter\u00e9 se u jin\u00fdch nena\u0161ly. Tento vzor odhaloval, jak poch\u00e1zej\u00ed ze spole\u010dn\u00e9ho p\u0159edka a rozv\u011btvuj\u00ed se v rodokmenu. U m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f Metzger\u016fv t\u00fdm zjistil, \u017ee strom m\u00e1 dv\u011b v\u011btve, z nich\u017e jedna vede k rakovinn\u00fdm bu\u0148k\u00e1m kolem Ostrova prince Edwarda a druh\u00e1 vede k t\u011bm, kter\u00e9 se nach\u00e1zej\u00ed u severov\u00fdchodn\u00edho pob\u0159e\u017e\u00ed USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metzger a jeho kolegov\u00e9 se pod\u00edvali na po\u010det mutac\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se nahromadily v r\u016fzn\u00fdch v\u011btv\u00edch, aby odhadli, jak dlouho se p\u016fvodn\u00ed rakovinov\u00e1 bu\u0148ka p\u0159edk\u016f uvolnila. Odhadovali, \u017ee se stal naka\u017eliv\u00fdm p\u0159ed v\u00edce ne\u017e 200 lety nebo mo\u017en\u00e1 o n\u011bkolik stolet\u00ed d\u0159\u00edve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baez-Ortega a jeho kolegov\u00e9 dosp\u011bli k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee rakovina srdcovky je podobn\u011b star\u00e1, a\u010dkoli nebyli schopni p\u0159ij\u00edt s odhadem. „Jsou pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b tis\u00edce let star\u00e9,“ \u0159ekl.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

U obou druh\u016f rakovina pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b za\u010dala jako imunitn\u00ed bu\u0148ka, kter\u00e1 mutovala a mno\u017eila se. Tyto bu\u0148ky byly pot\u00e9 vylity do vody, zachyceny jin\u00fdm m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161em a znovu vyrostly jako rakovina. Nakonec rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky z\u00edskaly mutace, kter\u00e9 jim umo\u017enily p\u0159e\u017e\u00edt ve vod\u011b cel\u00e9 m\u011bs\u00edce, ne\u017e najdou nov\u00e9ho hostitele.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Studie na tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u010dertech a psech odhalily, \u017ee DNA jejich rakoviny se zm\u011bnila relativn\u011b m\u00e1lo. Toto zji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed nen\u00ed p\u0159\u00edli\u0161 p\u0159ekvapiv\u00e9 v p\u0159\u00edpad\u011b tasm\u00e1nsk\u00fdch \u010dert\u016f, kte\u0159\u00ed pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b onemocn\u011bli rakovinou pr\u00e1v\u011b p\u0159ed 40 lety. Ale psi dostali rakovinu p\u0159ed 11 000 lety. A za celou tu dobu rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky z\u00edskaly jen m\u00edrn\u00e9 zm\u011bny ve sv\u00e9m genomu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Naproti tomu u \u0161kebl\u00ed i srdcovek rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky pro\u0161ly opakovan\u00fdmi koly drastick\u00fdch zm\u011bn. N\u011bkter\u00e9 rakovinn\u00e9 bu\u0148ky skon\u010dily s extra chromozomy \u2013 v n\u011bkter\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech jich byly stovky. N\u011bkte\u0159\u00ed ztratili dlouh\u00e9 \u00faseky DNA. V jin\u00fdch p\u0159\u00edpadech byl cel\u00fd genom duplikov\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

„Tato \u00farove\u0148 nestability je pro rakovinnou bu\u0148ku obvykle smrteln\u00e1,“ \u0159ekl Baez-Ortega. Ani on, ani Metzger nemohou vysv\u011btlit, jak naka\u017eliv\u00e9 rakoviny p\u0159e\u017eily po stalet\u00ed v tomto stavu genetick\u00e9ho chaosu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Beata Ujvari, evolu\u010dn\u00ed ekolo\u017eka z Deakin University v Austr\u00e1lii, kter\u00e1 se studie nez\u00fa\u010dastnila, uvedla, \u017ee masivn\u00ed mutace lze vysv\u011btlit t\u00edm, jak se naka\u017eliv\u00e1 rakovina reprodukuje. M\u00edsto kombinace dvou sad DNA z vaj\u00ed\u010dka m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f a spermatu se rakovina klonuje sama.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00edmto zp\u016fsobem se staly sp\u00ed\u0161e bakteriemi ne\u017e zv\u00ed\u0159aty. A stejn\u011b jako bakterie se mohou pokusit porazit svou konkurenci – jin\u00e9 druhy rakoviny – rychlej\u0161\u00ed mutac\u00ed, \u0159ekl Ujvari. Poznamenala, \u017ee nov\u00e1 studie srdcovek odhalila, \u017ee dv\u011b r\u016fzn\u00e9 naka\u017eliv\u00e9 rakoviny n\u011bkdy napadnou jedin\u00e9 zv\u00ed\u0159e.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Metzger douf\u00e1, \u017ee vy\u0159e\u0161en\u00edm t\u00e9to h\u00e1danky se jemu a dal\u0161\u00edm v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159\u00ed odhalit n\u011bkter\u00e1 skryt\u00e1 pravidla rakoviny, kter\u00e1 by se mohla vztahovat nejen na m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161e, ale i na lidi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u016f\u017ee b\u00fdt mo\u017en\u00e9 zam\u011b\u0159it se na n\u011bkolik \u010d\u00e1st\u00ed genom\u016f, kter\u00e9 se zm\u011bnily v rakovinn\u00fdch bu\u0148k\u00e1ch, abychom na\u0161li nov\u00e9 c\u00edle pro l\u00e9ky. D\u00edv\u00e1 se tak\u00e9 na genomy m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161\u016f, aby zjistil, zda vyvinuli nov\u00e9 zp\u016fsoby, jak odolat napadaj\u00edc\u00ed rakovin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

„P\u0159\u00edroda v podstat\u011b provedla obrovsk\u00fd experiment,“ \u0159ekl Metzger. „Pokud existuje zp\u016fsob, jak si zv\u00ed\u0159e vyvinulo odolnost v\u016f\u010di rakovin\u011b, chci v\u011bd\u011bt, co to je.“<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroj<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V 70. letech 20. stolet\u00ed za\u010daly v Maine a Chesapeake Bay z\u00e1hadn\u011b odum\u00edrat m\u011bkk\u00e9 \u0161keble….<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":955,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-954","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-zajimavosti"],"yoast_head":"\nBizarn\u00ed rakovina se mezi m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed, zjistily studie. - L\u00edpov\u00fd List<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/lipovylist.cz\/wordpress\/bizarni-rakovina-se-mezi-mekkysi-siri-zjistily-studie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Bizarn\u00ed rakovina se mezi m\u011bkk\u00fd\u0161i \u0161\u00ed\u0159\u00ed, zjistily studie. - 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